Health Care Structures and Divisions Essay Example for Free

Health Care Structures and Divisions Essay Complete the worksheet according to the following guidelines: In the space provided, write each term’s definition as used in health care. You must define the term in your words; do not simply copy the definition from a textbook. In the space provided after each term’s definition, provide a sentence that illustrates the importance of the skill, concept, procedure, organization, or tool to which the term refers. In your explanation, you may wish to consider the following: How has it influenced health care? Why is it important to understand the appropriate application of the term or concept? Save the completed worksheet as a Microsoft ® Word document with your name in the file name. Submit the file to your facilitator. Note. You must define 30 basic health care terms related to health care structures and divisions in this worksheet. Therefore, also in the terms already provided for you below, finish the additional spaces on the worksheet with terms from your reading or discussion you were not previously familiar with and had to research. Submitted by Porsche Piggie Term Definition in your words Use the term in a sentence as it applies to the health care industry. Hospital A hospital is a place where a person can go to get medical treatment and health diagnoses Hospitals and Healthcare facilities are a key factor that influence healthcare because this is where healthcare providers can utilize their skills to help individuals with their diseases, injuries or illnesses.  By providing a treatment solution. Ambulatory care facility Ambulatory Care is care where you dont have to get hospitalized. Its a facility where you mostly receive medical care or services on an outpatient basis. Ambulatory care can range from a simple routine to a complex procedure. Ambulatory care facilities have influenced healthcare because it is the most frequent contact people have with the healthcare system. Its important to understand the concept of the term because ambulatory care is the most familiar type of health care people receive. Ambulatory care can be provided in an office of either an individual or group practice. Wellness Center Wellness Center is a place where individuals can get health services for the mind and body such as skin care services, nutrition consulting, personal training and fitness. Wellness centers are important because it tries to reduce toxic stress on the community. Wellness centers main goal has influenced the growth of health care by realizing reducing stress on the community that can help improve the society health level. Physicians Office Is where a provider or a group of providers maintains an office. This is where ambulatory clients and outpatients are seen to diagnose and prescribe treatment for diseases that are not required admission or overnight stay. Physicians office has a great impact on healthcare because it is one of the most frequently used healthcare settings. Its important to understand that concept of the term because a physicians office is only designed to provide diagnoses, treatment, and consultation. Some offices may have their labs and x-ray equipment for performing tests. However, serious ill patients that cannot quickly diagnose or treated will be sent to the hospital Hospice care facility Hospice care facilities is a health institution that provides care that concentrations in patients who are in their final stage of life because of a deadly illness. Hospice care focus on making their last days of life comfortable and pain-free. Its important to understand the concept of Hospice care because it is not there to cure illnesses or lengthen life  expectancy. It is designed to provide support and comfort to the patient in their last days. Hospice concentrates on the management of pain; with that being said hospice has influenced health care by also realizing it’s important to focus on the patients comfort level when they are in the terminal stage of life. Long-term care facility Long term care facilities are institutions that provides people of all ages that are unable to take care of themselves because of physical and impairments. It important to understand the concept of this term because it implies, this care is for extended periods, ranging from months to years to a lifetime. For instance, I work at an Auto TBI Long – Term Care facility where the residences have been there for years since their auto accident. The majority of the residences consider the facility to be there home and will spend all their days living in this facility. Home health care Home health care is taking care of an individual medically at their residence. Usually, there is a home health aide that comes to the house that provides the medical care for the patient. Home healthcare has influenced health care by improving the quality of care for the people who have no family members to take care of them. Therefore, with that being said, it’s very critical to understand the concept of this term because it is health care that can provide care to an individual outside of a healthcare facility inside their residence. Mental health facility Mental Health Facilities is health institution that provides mental treatment for individuals with mental illnesses and include ways to prevent medical disorders. Mental Health Facilities has impact healthcare by providing a health institution that specialize in mental health. Mental health facilities have helped aid the prevention and treatment of mental disorders. Nonprofit facility A nonprofit facilities is institutions that dont earn the profit for its owners. All the money that it earned or donated to use it for pursuing the facilitys objectives. Nonprofit facilities have influence health care by providing a way always to make sure the facilitys objectives and needs are  being handled. For the healthcare professionals to serve their patients with the best care. Public health Public Health is the concern for the society health. Public heath concentrations in the community as a whole, instead of the individual. Public health is important to healthcare because it focus on the prevention of widespread diseases, illnesses and try to prevent a lack of or poor quality of healthcare. CCRC Emergency room The emergency room is where you can take yourself or an individual who are in need of urgent care. This is also where you can take yourself or an individual who needs medical care after normal healthcare clinics or offices are close. Its important to understand the concept of the term emergency room because this is where the community can receive urgent medical attention. Emergency rooms are very influential to healthcare because it developed the thought of having a 24-hour medical attention for the community. Physical therapy Physical therapy is the therapy that concentrates on helping improve an individual with physical injuries or disabilities. A rehabilitation program that help improves an individuals physical independence. Physical Therapy has impact healthcare in many ways. Physical therapy is a treatment that can help improves someone’s physical state without the method of drugs or surgery. It’s important to understand the concept of physical therapy because it can consist of massage heat treatment, exercising, strengthen, and balance techniques. Radiology Radiology is the study of x-rays, sound waves and other forms of radiation and energy to create images and diagnoses. Radiology has impact healthcare by inventing a way to improve treatment by having the ability to view the bone imaging of the body. Pediatrics A pediatrics is a health care physician that specialize in children and their medical treatments. A pediatric has influence healthcare because  concentrates on the wellness of children. Surgical ward The Surgical Unit is where patients are taken care of after surgical procedures. It is very important to understand the concept of the term because the surgical unit only contains the post-operative surgical patients. Also, the term ward is outdated. It was used when hospitals had large rooms with multiple patients. Most hospitals now have semiprivate and private rooms only. The surgical floor or unit is the area of the hospital where the patients expect to have or have had surgical procedures Oncology Oncology is the study of cancer or the medical specialty that deals with cancer. Oncology has influenced health care because it has invented new ways to prevent, or maintain cancer. I am blessed to have oncology and their new studies because my grandmother have been breast cancer free for two years now Ultrasound Is a technique that typically used for medical imaging. An ultrasound can be sound or other vibrations having an ultrasonic frequency. Ultrasounds have influenced the healthcare by providing ways to monitor the growth of a baby while its in its developing stages Hematology Is the study of blood Understanding the concept of Hematology is important because it is how physicians learn to use blood to run tests and figure out diseases or disorders that can be found in the bloodstream. Hematology has influence healthcare by showing us when its something wrong with your blood; it can affect your overall health. Cardiology Cardiology is the study of the heart Cardiology has influence healthcare because it has shown that its more beneficial for a person to stay more active or fit because people like them are less likely to have coronary heart disease ICU ICU is the abbreviation for intensive care unit. The intensive care unit is a  particular department in the hospital or healthcare facility that provides extreme care. The intensive care unit has improved healthcare by providing the community with a unit that specialize in patients who need extreme care. Orthopedics Orthopedics is the knowledge and practice of producing straightness of the bones and muscles in children or adults. Orthopedics has influence healthcare by constantly finding ways to improve joint and muscle damage. It is shown that the majority of the households in America is affected in some fashion by diseases of the joints, skin, bones, and muscles. Neurology Neurology is the study of the nervous system or medical specialty that deals with the nervous system. Neurology has impact healthcare by studying the nervous system. As an individual with Cerebral Palsy neurology has made a big different in my life. Neurology has help people with nerve issues like Cerebral Palsy by providing with treatments that will help individuals live a better life. OB/GYN OB/GYN is the abbreviation of obstetrics and gynecology. OB is short for obstetrics or obstetrician, which is a physician who specialized in the female reproductive organs. Gynecology means the study of women. Gynecology has influenced health care because it focuses on disorders of the female organ. Gynecology focuses on prevention of the female reproductive organs illnesses and diseases. Its very important to understand the full concept of the term OB/GYN because they also the physician who delivers babies ENT ENT is the abbreviation meaning for ears, nose and throat. It is also linked to the medicine field called otolaryngology. The ears are for hearing and the sensation of balance. The nose is use for the sense of smell. The pharynx (throat) and the larynx (voice box) is use for speech. Otolaryngology is important to the health care field because it provides us with the medical treatment for common colds and viruses that infects the ears, nose and throat. Gastroenterology The study of the stomach and intestines Gastroenterology influence healthcare by providing the public with informative information regarding the digestive system and the keys organs that plays a part of digesting food Pharmacology Pharmacology is the study of drugs and medicines. As a pharmacist, you are someone who specializes in medicines and drugs. Pharmacology has influence healthcare quality and improvement by inventing drugs and medicine that help in the prevention, maintain, or improvement for an illnesses, disease or injury. Proprietary Hospitals Are hospitals that are operated for the financial gain of the individuals, partnerships, or corporations that own them. Proprietary hospitals have made an impact in healthcare because more than 50% of the community hospitals are a part of a corporate system, and the mergers will continue in the twenty-first century. Nervous System Nervous System Is a system that includes the brain, neurons, cranial nerves, cerebrospinal fluid, spinal cord, and spinal nerves. The nervous system functions are to relay, receive, and interpret sensory information for the senses of balance, vision, body position, hearing, temperature, smell, touch, taste, and pain. It also coordinates body movement and stores and interpret emotion and memory It’s important to understand the concept of the term nervous system because this system is very valuable to the human body without the nervous system our bodies won’t have the senses and sensations we need in order to live Health Promotion Services Are services that help individuals decrease the risk of illness, follow healthy lifestyles and maintain optimal function. For example, hospitals that offer consumers prenatal nutrition. Health promotion services influence healthcare by providing the community with classes that explains the general health of women and children, health promotion services provide ways to help individuals decrease the risk of illness, follow healthy lifestyles and maintain optimal function. As you progress through your program, you are encouraged to continue to use  your weekly vocabulary exercises to build a master glossary as a quick reference guide to using in your coursework and your health care career.

Why Is Recycling Important?

Why Is Recycling Important? Recycling is a process where waste or used products are reproduced into new products. A product which has served its own purpose will be discarded, and recycling is an effort to extend the usage life of a product, thus bringing a lot of benefits to humanity and the mother earth. Most items around us are recyclable, although there are specific techniques used to recycle different material, including metal, plastic and paper. The entire process of recycling involves 3 basic steps. The used material has to be collected, and then sorted according to its material. The second step involves producing usable goods from the sorted items. After the goods were produced, the last step requires selling of the reproduced goods to the general mass, consumers or a specific market. As the reproduced goods are sold and reused, the entire process of recycling is complete and will make way for another cycle to come. Why is recycling important? Recycling helps preserve the environment in addition to providing more usable objects to people without the need for extra resources. Its importance can be seen in multiple ways. Below are the reasons in which recycling can be beneficial: Recycling Saves the Earth Recycling a material can help preserve the environment. For example, recycling the paper can result in paper production without additional tree falling. By recycling more paper and selling it to consumer, more papers can be used without further damaging the forest than its current rate of tree falling. Recycling Saves Energy Recycling a material takes less energy than to produce an item from virgin materials. For example, an aluminum product uses both the aluminum and the huge amount of energy to produce it from raw ore. Thus by recycling an item made of aluminum, we can reuse the metal again and also save on the huge energy which helps preserve the environment. Recycling Helps Mitigate Global Warming and Reduce Pollution One of the biggest benefits of recycling is saving energy. Energy saving results in less emission of carbon or greenhouse gases which are a by-product created by energy production, which are detrimental and harmful to the environment if released to the atmosphere. Recycling Reduces Waste Products in Landfills Waste which are not recycled usually ends up in the landfill. It is here that the waste are left to rot or decomposed, and this may take many years of even generations to fully decompose. More and more waste are being sent to the landfills, and if recycling does not take place, the landfill may be right behind our homes in the future. Recycling Helps you Save Money Recycled products usually cost less. Using existing material and a lot less energy, recycled product can be sold for a fraction of the same item created using virgin materials. Apart from that, selling waste for recycling purposes converts garbage into useful cash. Recycling can also be done at home, and taught to the children as a good habit to be nurtured. Biodegradable waste can be used as fertilizer for plants. Creativity goes a long way in saving money and saving the planet Earth. Recycling becomes increasingly important in a world where the population is booming. More and more products are being churned out to consumers. If these products are not recycled at the end of the product life, it will take generations to break down or decompose. Applications of Recycled Materials Application of Recycled Glass Man has found ways to recycle glass. This in fact, is highly recommended and beneficial to the manufacturing line as it is easier to produce and cost less. Crushed glass known as cullets, melts easier and faster and cost less than the raw materials used to produce glass. This practice is endorsed by the US Environmental Protection Agency as a better and greener way to produce glass. Common Non-container Uses According to Glass Packaging Institute, recycled glasses are best to be used for its initial purpose before it was being sent for recycled. For example, glass bottles are best recycled to be made into glass bottles, and those which does not qualify in the container manufacturing standards can be channeled to other usages such as fiberglass. (See References 2) Aggregate Materials Realize it or not, were driving over glass every day in our lives. Parking lots and concrete pavement has grounded glass composition. Grounded glass as an effective base material enhances the performance of the gravel in the mix, and sometimes is independent of other materials when used as a base. Glass-phalt is a material applied to making roads, including airport runways and highways, making the surface to have higher friction coefficient, less slippery and less likely to crack. Glass-phalt is made of recycled glass. Recycled glass is also used to make glass beads, which in turn is used to make reflective paint on the road. Abrasive Media According to the Clean Washington Center, the usage of recycled glass as abrasive media is known as base load market. It is verified that recycled glass has equal or better quality than traditionally used abrasive media, such as aluminum oxide or walnut shell. This makes recycled glass highly competent in the surface preparation of manufacturing equipment components and even ships. Furthermore, less recycled glass is required to produce the same job when compared with usage of traditional mineral. Moreover, glass has the advantage of being non-detrimental to health with no silica exposure dust. Landscaping Green-scaping is a term used for landscape products which are manufactured using recycled glass. Glass does not absorb moisture unlike its wooden counterpart, thus improving water delivery. It also comes in various colors to choose from. Manufacturers use crushed porcelain in concrete slab in addition to the recycled glass to decorate pathways and patios Application of Recycled Paper Placing the paper in the recycle bin helps re-create paper from existing resources. This diverts the waste meant for landfills into usable products which uses less energy, water and material to produce. How Much Paper is Recycled? How much paper is actually recycled? Research shows that the amount of paper being recycled has reached record levels. According to the Paper Industry Association Council, In 2008, 57.4 percent of the paper consumed in the U.S. was recovered for recycling. This impressive figure equals 340 pounds for each man, woman and child in America. Limits on Paper Recycling Papers are limited by the fiber it contains. As paper is recycled each time, it breaks down into pulp. This can be done for a maximum six or seven times. The fiber then will be shortened each time until it is not usable. Office Grade Paper Office grade papers are the highest quality papers in the cycle of recycling. Its quality and firmness plus its sturdy fibers, this type of paper are often recycled back into its initial grade. However, bleaching is required to reproduce its whiteness. Newsprint Papers used for newsprint are often low quality paper, therefore it cannot be recycled into better quality paper. As paper cannot be upgraded through recycling, the paper used for newsprint are often recycled back into its initial usage or lesser grade Cardboard Cardboard, whether corrugated or pressboard, is made of the lowest quality paper. If its ever recycled, it can be used for packaging. Producing boxes or cartons is ideal, as the color or brightness dulls overtime as it is recycled, and packaging boxes like cartons rarely considers color as an important factor. Tissue Tissue can be a form of recycled product. Since strength of paper is not an issue, unusable fibers are usually used for producing tissue. Other Uses for Recycled Paper There are many other products that are produced using recycled paper: coffee filters, diapers, egg cartons, shoe boxes, napkins or insulation. Application of recycled Plastic Recycled plastic can be used in many applications and products, such as packaging, construction or automobile components. Packaging Recycled PET or HDPE is primarily used in packaging by retailers. Household names such as Coca Cola, The Body Shop or MS commonly use recycled plastic in some of their products. Use of recycled plastic helps demonstrate a brand image towards commitment to sustainable resource use. Construction Recycled plastic is used a lot in construction materials, such as drainage pipes, ducting or flooring. It is innovated into scaffolding boards or kerbstones, where its durability and weight has superior benefit to Health and Safety purposes. Landscaping Landscaping uses recycled plastics to be made into walkways, jetties, pontoons, bridges, fences and signs. Durability, low maintenance, vandal resistance, and its resistance to rot are all key reasons for plastic being used. Textile fiber / clothing Polyester fleece clothing and polyester filling for duvets is frequently made from recycled PET bottles (e. g. soft drink and water bottles). Polyester fiber is the biggest single market for recycled PET bottles worldwide. Street furniture Street furniture, seating, bins, street signs and planters are frequently made from plastic. They are cost competitive and resistant to vandalism. Local authorities and schools are able to demonstrate recycling in action by specifying recycled products. Bin liners/ refuse sacks Plastic film from sources such as pallet wrap, carrier bags, and agricultural film are made into new film products such as bin liners, carrier bags and refuse sacks on a large scale. Application of Recycled Metal The functions of metals like steel, copper, and aluminum was revealed thousands of years ago. Their properties and characteristics of strong, durable, malleable and high conductivity are highly important in a wide range of products today. However, metals are resources of the Earth which has finite quantity and not replenish-able. Metal deposits are non-renewable resources that will run out if it is continued to be mined at the current rate. Therefore, it is highly important to recycle metals. Metals can be recycled without losing any their key properties. Inefficient recovery of metals from industrial and consumer waste increases the pressure on the non-renewable resources of the Earth from which they are extracted. Discarding metal is bad for the environment due to the release of metallic particles in the ecosystem. Recycling and metal recovery from the waste stream is essential in preserving valuable resources and the environment. Recycling metals are effective because they can be recycled for infinite times, making them extremely friendly to the environment. Metals differ from polymer plastics in a way that the characteristics are maintained regardless of the physical or chemical form, although it might be costly. Aluminum The extraction of aluminum from its ore requires huge amount of energy. To extract aluminum from alumina is a complex process. Recycling aluminum only takes about 5% of the energy used compared to producing it via mining, and thus only releases 5% of the CO2 emission. This in addition decreases the amount of waste being transported to the landfill. A recycled aluminum can save enough energy to run a television set for 3 hours. For example, recycling 1kg of aluminum saves up to 6kg of bauxite, 4kg of chemical products and 14 kWh of electricity. Steel Iron is extracted from iron ore which is common and highly abundant. Usually found in a combined form with oxygen or other elements like sulphur or carbon. Huge amounts of energy required to extract the iron from the ore. Over 11 million tons of iron and steel scrap are produced every year. From this amount 70% are recovered. Of the remaining quantity, 60% is sent to the landfill. Every ton of steel recycled can save 1.5 tons of iron ore, 0.5 tons of coal, 40% of the water used in production, 75% of the energy required to extract steel from the raw material, 1.28 tons of solid waste, decrease in air pollution emission of up to 86%, and reduction of water pollution release by 76 %. Recycling Metals / Other Metals to Look Out For Copper, nickel, brass, lead, gold, silver, etc. can all be recycled. Since these metals are all quite valuable only a smaller quantity is in circulation. The recovery of these metals is sometimes ignored especially when they are used in households and these items are disposed of by the householders. Application of Recycled Oil Did you know? That used, second-hand oil can be further re-refined into base stock for lubricating oil? And also, if you recycle just 2 gallons of used oil, it is sufficient to generate electricity to run the average household for almost 24 hours. Cars, like many transportation vehicles, are an essential part of life for many of us. What is done with the used oil, whether to dispose of it or to recycle it plays a significant role in balancing our desire for convenient transportation with our hope for a clean and healthy environment for our children? We are all familiar with recycling newspapers, aluminum cans, glass and plastic bottles, but many of us are not even aware of the efforts carried out by giant petroleum industry to promote used motor oil for recycling, for example, providing convenient collection sites for the purpose of keeping used motor oil out of our water supplies and making sure that the oil goes back into the recycling cycle. Oddly enough, even after it has been drained from an engine, motor oil retains some of its value. The oil collected can be recycled to save energy. Many institutions, schools or plants process the used oil for electricity generation. Some plants even process it to be used for engine oil again. As consumer, we can send our used oils for recycling by taking it to the collection center. If our cars are taken to the car service center, we can be fairly certain that the oil will be recycled after they change. Additionally, we can make a difference by recycling the oil from our car, truck, motorcycle, boat, recreational vehicle or lawnmower. By dropping off our used motor oil today we help prevent pollution and conserve energy for a safer and healthier tomorrow Recycling used motor oil keeps oil out of landfills and ensures that this oil is available for re-use, reconditioning, reprocessing or re-refining. In fact, the best oil for the sake of environment is the longer lasting oil, making sure that less oil is generated. As much as over 380 million gallons of used oil is recycled every single year according to the U.S. EPA, which is equivalent to over 50 percent of all motor oil purchased annually. Currently, used motor oil can be re-used or recycled in one of the three known ways reconditioning, reprocessing or re-refining. Re-refining With modern and sophisticated method, refining can be done with accurate feed and stringent quality control. Used motor oil can be processed to remove any impurities so it can be reused as a base stock for the new lubricating oil. This effectively extends the lifespan of the oil, making it reusable for many times without sending it to the landfill. At the present, less than 15% of used motor oil is refined and the consumer demand for refined used motor oil is low, making it hard to sustain for business. It is important to note that the purchased refined used motor oil comply with the oil specifications as set by the vehicle manufacturer. Reconditioning In some industries, oil is filtered or clean in commercial scale machine. Although it may not convert the oil back to its prime quality, it can remove impurities and key additives can be added to extend its life and functions. Re-Use and Reprocessing Both motor oil and fuels are petroleum product. As lubricant, when the oil has ceased functioning, it can be reused to be burned as fuel without the need for further treatment. Water and certain particles may need to be removed earlier before the oil can be burn for electricity generation. 74% of all oil recycled in the United States of America is for the purpose of fuel combustion in turbines, incinerators, power plants, cement kilns and manufacturing facilities. An additional 11% of used motor oil is burned in specifically designed industrial space heaters. This creates a valuable form of energy, which helps our economy by avoiding the need to refine new commercial heating oil from imported crude oil. Conclusion

Process Of Cross Domain Mapping Psychology Essay

Process Of Cross Domain Mapping Psychology Essay The conceptual metaphor theory studies the cognitive process of cross-domain mapping. Discuss the mechanism of metaphoric mapping. In particular, you should address the difference between linguistic metaphors and conceptual metaphors; (b) the relationship between primary metaphors and compound metaphors; and (c) the relationship between conceptual metaphors and the embodied experiences Metaphor is the phenomenon whereby we talk and think about one thing in terms of another, as when a difficult enterprise is described as a battle. (Semino, 2008, p.1) That being said, metaphor is a form of figurative language and it was viewed as a characteristic of language and words, rather than a vehicle of thought, experiences and act, like it is viewed in nowadays. The way metaphor is characterised is by the schematic form of A is B, as in Achilles is a lion (Evans and Green, p.293). In this example a word or a phrase are applied to something which is not accurately applicable, and metaphor is created. However after the 1970s, Cognitive linguists argued that metaphor is a central feature of human language. In the field of Cognitive Linguistics, where our conceptual system is examined it has been found that our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980, p.3) This statement hence implies that everything we do, or think we do it in a way that it is metaphorical. According to Lakoff through the way we conceive one mental domain in relation to another, metaphor has now obtained the meaning of a cross domain mapping in the conceptual system. The aim of this essay is to introduce conceptual metaphor theory: a framework which studies the cognitive process of cross-domain mapping, and the mechanism of metaphoric mapping, as well as conceptual metaphors and the difference they have with linguistic metaphors. Also, the relationship primary and compound metaphors have as they are both derived subsecti ons of conceptual metaphors, and lastly the relationship conceptual metaphors have with embodied experiences. Cognitive Linguistics Enterprise The field or better enterprise, of Cognitive linguistics arose firstly in the early 1970s. It basically revolves around the symbolic and interactive functions of language as well as the systematic structure the language has. Cognitive linguistics enterprise has two key commitments and it also has to do with cognitive semantics and cognitive approaches to grammar. It basically examines the embodied mind and the connections the mind has with language. Cognitive linguists like other linguists attempt to describe and account for linguistic systematicity, structure and function. Nevertheless the difference from Linguistics is that for cognitive linguistics, language reflects patterns of thought; therefore, to study language is to study patterns of conceptualisation. (Evans and Green, 2006, p.20) Thus, Cognitive Linguistics deals mostly with the relationship the mind and the language share as cognitive linguists believe that through language peoples thoughts and experiences are revealed. Taking into further consideration the two key commitments in Cognitive linguistics which were introduced by George Lakoff and both distinguish Cognitive linguistics, as they make the individual enterprise it is. As it is stated by Evans and Green the Generalisation Commitment which is a commitment to the characterisation of general principles that are responsible for all aspects of human language and the Cognitive commitment which provides a characterisation of the general principles for language that corresponds with what is already known about the mind and brain from other disciplines. (Evans and Green, p.27) Both of this commitments mark the study of cognitive linguistics and they are followed by all cognitive linguists. Their importance is really great as they are the starting point and the foundation for all the methods and theories that are engaged by the two main studies of cognitive linguistics, cognitive semantics and cognitive grammar: two fields of cognitive linguistics wh ich study the mind and grammar. What is more, in Cognitive linguistics the relationship between language, mind and experience through the embodied cognition is also one of the key facts and research within cognitive linguistics. The main argument of cognitive linguistics is that the human mind and conceptual organisation are functions of the ways in which our species-specific bodies interact with the environment we inhabit. Cognitive linguistics disagree with Noam Chomsky and his theory of Generative Grammar as given the Generalisation Commitment which argues that areas of language like polysemy or metaphor share central organising theories, several areas of language are indeed foregrounded. Metaphor is a key subject of study in Cognitive Linguistics as cognitive linguistics study the relationship of language and the mind, how our thoughts are connected with our language. Metaphors are not just a stylistically attractive way of expressing ideas by means of language, but a way of thinking about things. (Ungerer and Schid, p.118) Hence, metaphor is a key subject in cognitive linguistics as metaphor reflects the way we think and also create a new meaning in several areas of our language. Conceptual Metaphor Theory As it has been stated in the title, Conceptual Metaphor Theory studies the cognitive process of cross-domain mapping, which simply means that it studies the mental course or development of metaphor. It is a framework which was firstly introduced by Lakoff and Johnson in 1980. Through this framework metaphors are created and distinguished as parts of language and speech. The basic principle of Conceptual Metaphor Theory is that metaphor is not only a literary feature of language but the way individuals think is metaphorical in general. There are some key aspects which underlie Conceptual Metaphor Theory and the way this framework emerges in Cognitive Linguistics. In short, Conceptual Metaphor Theory is concerned with the mapping of inferences from source to target (ofx, p.191) Firstly, the fact that conceptual metaphor is unidirectional, which means metaphors have one specific direction from source to target and it cannot change. This notion of unidirectionality affirms that metaphors usually move from the more concrete to a more abstract way of thinking. For instance: Secondly, is motivation for source and target. As it was stated above mappings are unidirectional and this raises the question if there is a specific pattern which can direct and point out the domains which typically operate as source and target domains. Kovecses argued that the most common domains for metaphorical mappings include domains relating to the HUMAN BODY (the heart of the problem), ANIMALS (a sly fox) and much more, and concerning the target domain he found that the most common target domains is for example the ones which consider EMOTION (she was deeply moved), THOUGHT (I see your point). Therefore, target concepts seem to be more mental, whereas source concepts can be characterized as more solid or physical. According to cognitive linguistics our basic knowledge of A is B and our natural way to experience and join the concepts creating metaphors. Moreover, metaphorical entailment is another key aspect of Conceptual Metaphor theory. Conceptual metaphors sometimes provide extra information through the metaphoric mappings which are called entailments. What is more, the fact that conceptual metaphors interact with each other, they cost the creation of complex metaphor systems, something which was found also by Lakoff and Johnson. These complex metaphor systems are collections of more schematic metaphorical mappings that structure a range of more specific metaphors like LIFE IS A JOURNEY (Evans and Green, p.229) Due to this Lakoff created a system, called the Event Structure Metaphor, illustrating metaphors which interact in the understanding of expressions. Taking the example above of the metaphor LIFE IS A JOURNEY we can acknowledge that this metaphor can create several articulate examples as it is structured from the event structure metaphor. Additionally, another key aspect of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory is the conceptual nature of metaphor. As it was stated before, in Cognitive linguistics metaphor is an indication of someones thoughts and experiences. Many conceptual theorists claim that conceptual metaphor is based in our basic experiences. Last but not least a significant idea in Conceptual metaphor theory is related to hiding and highlighting as several metaphors can hide or highlight certain information. An example is given in Evans and Greens with the metaphor AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY as this metaphor highlights the progressive and organisational aspects of arguments while hiding the confrontational aspects (Evans and green, p, 304). For example: She will follow step by step her recovery instructions. This metaphor is keen on highlighting the continuity and development the arguments has. In this way metaphors can highlight the importance of the concept. Another really important notion of conceptual metaphor theory is the theory of image schemas. The theory of image schemas is part of cognitive semantics and it is also related to metaphor as image schemas are dealing with an individuals bodily experiences and they are derived from interaction with and observation of the world.(Evans and Green, p.182) Image schemas work as a supporting structure for human thought (Oakley oxf p,214) as the basic correlations help us understand the events and actions taking place in the world around us relating some aspects of life like presence and existence. Culture-dependent evaluations differ from culture to culture as they describing the characteristics of it. According to Oakley, in a few words, an image schema is a condensed redescription of perceptual experience for the purpose of mapping spatial structure onto conceptual structure. (Oakley oxf, p.215) Therefore, image schemas help us improve our knowledge and understanding of metaphor as accord ing to Lakoff and Johnson they can function as source domains for metaphoric mapping. (Evans and Green, p.300) For example, our image-schematic concept COUNTERFORCE arises from the experience of being unable to proceed because some opposing force is resisting our attempt to move forward. (Evans and Green, p.301) According to Lakoff what is really remarkable is that peoples abstract thoughts which are enabled by metaphor, have an image-schematic and therefore embodied basis. What is more, Invariance is also an important principle of image schemas concerning some restrictions in metaphors as not all the source domains can serve and it is a principle which explains the gaps invariance principle basically explains all the gaps in conceptual metaphor theory like why DEATH cant be described metaphorically as a TEACHER but instead is described as a DESTROYER All of the above are key aspects of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory as they mark the way target and source domains work in order to create conceptual mappings. The mechanism of metaphoric mapping Mapping is a greatly important feature of Conceptual metaphor theory as it marks the way metaphors work by joining source to target domains. The mapping scope of a metaphor is best understood as a set of constraints regulating which correspondences are eligible for mapping from a source concept into a chosen target concept. The mapping scopes of metaphors reflect our conceptual experiences in dealing with the world around us (Ungerer and Schmid, p.119). That being set, according to Langacker our thoughts and experiences are organised in several domains. Domains are based on our knowledge and understanding of language and the meaning of the words. Without understanding a domain we would not be able to make any usage of the terms that apply to it. In cognitive linguistics, source domain and target domain are the two main roles that metaphors can have. Source domain is the domain of the metaphorical expressions we use and the target domain is the one that we are trying to comprehend. Th e figure below indicates the basic elements that substitute the mechanism of metaphorical mapping: the source and target concept, the mapping between them and the mapping scope. C:UsersOwnerPictures1winteruhhh8.png Figure 1 Therefore, mapping is a set of connections between essential features of the source and target domain as in order to understand a conceptual metaphor you have to be aware of the set of mappings which apply to the particular source and target combination. This mechanism of metaphoric mapping is stimulated by image schemas, discussed above as a key subject of the conceptual metaphor theory. A primary tenet of this theory is that metaphors are matter of thought and not merely of language: hence, the term  conceptual metaphor. The metaphor may seem to consist of words or other linguistic expressions that come from the terminology of the more concrete conceptual domain, but conceptual metaphors underlie a system of related metaphorical expressions that appear on the linguistic surface.   which are pre-linguistic schemas concerning space, time, moving, controlling, and other core elements of embodied human experience. is largely metaphorically constructed, and thereby reflects a  cognitive bias  unique to humans that uses embodied prototypical processes (e.g. counting, moving along a path) that are understood by all human beings through their experiences Moreover, metaphoric mappings are used in order to help us understand metaphors and the structure of our thoughts. Mapping scopes have three major components: image schemas, basic correlations and culture-dependent evaluations. Metaphoric mapping also has some major source and target concepts used. Figure 2 Major source and target concepts of metaphorical mappings Source as well as the target concepts are the foundational metaphors as they show the direction of the metaphor and all of them are the starting points for the other linguistic expressions to follow. For instance the target concept of TIME is based to the metaphor: TIME IS MONEY. This metaphor is a conceptual metaphor and it not only conceptualizes the development of the metaphoric expression but they also show how they are linked as they all follow the conceptual structure that the conceptual metaphor illustrates. According to Lakoff and Johnson in cognitive linguistics we conceptualize the notion of TIME in terms of MONEY, showing that we understand the fact that time is something valuable. The conceptual metaphor TIME IS MONEY shows that people can acknowledge the importance of time and the fact that they measure their time as something significant in their lives. What is more, the metaphor TIME IS MONEY serves as a core expression giving the direction and meaning to the linguisti c expressions that will follow. For instance: TIME IS MONEY I dont have time to see you. Is he really worth your time? It took ages to dye my hair. All of this linguistic expressions following TIME IS MONEY show an acknowledgement of the mapping structure, and the way the mapping works in terms of target and source. In Cognitive Linguistics metaphors are establishing a theoretical link, amongst a source and a target concept. What is more, there are different mapping scopes, as cognitive metaphors achieve different cognitive functions: Firstly lean mapping between specific concrete source concepts and concrete target concepts is primarily used to highlight individual aspects of the target concept. For instance giving a characterization to person as George is a lion. Secondly rich mapping The mechanism of metaphoric mapping establishes and the difference between linguistic metaphors and conceptual metaphors as conceptual metaphors are the ones who give the concept and the direction of the linguistic expression that will follow. The difference between linguistic metaphors and Conceptual metaphors Taking everything into account, as it was stated above in Cognitive linguistics, metaphor is something which exists in our everyday life and it is vital as well as fundamental. It is not just figurative language used in several poems or books but on the contrary, it is used on a regular everyday basis as our mental system grasps several concepts metaphorically. Hence, the way we think or express ourselves can be considered metaphorical. Linguistic metaphors as well as Conceptual metaphors are both a way of communicating in language. The difference that they share though is that conceptual metaphors are considered to be the foundation and the way the A is B mapping works. Linguistic metaphors are the ones that follow. Conceptual metaphors are the metaphors that conceptualize what we think and how we think as they are drawing the direction from source to target domain. They can be described as the whole idea or the metaphor which establishes the linguistic expressions that will follow afterwards and the train of thought which are constructed about as all of the expressions share something in common. Within Cognitive Linguistics the term metaphor is understood to refer to a pattern of conceptual association, rather to an individual metaphorical usage or a linguistic convention. (Grady, OXF, p.188) According to Grady in Cognitive Linguistics What really distinguishes metaphorical linguistic expressions between conceptual metaphors is the fact that all the metaphorical linguistic expressions come from language and they can, for instance imply on the term of life which is derived from the domain of journey. The corresponding conceptual metaphor that they make manifest is LIFE IS A JOURNEY. Conceptual metaphors are showed in capital letters in order to demonstrate the fact that is not used in language but instead they underlie all the metaphorical expressions listed underneath a conceptual metaphor which are the linguistic metaphors. Conceptual metaphors have two different domains. The conceptual domain from which we draw metaphorical expressions to understand another conceptual domain is called source domain, while the conceptual domain that is understood this way is the target domain. Thus, LIFE, ARGUMENTS, LOVE, THEORY and others are considered target domains, while JOURNEYS, WAR, BUILDINGS, and others are source domains . (Kovecses, p.4) We try to understand the target domain through the use of the source domain. As it was stated in the above paragraphs, in cognitive linguistics metaphor is something which exists in our everyday life and it is vital as well as central. It is not just figurative language used in several poems or books; on the contrary it is used on a regular everyday basis, when people think or speak. Conceptual metaphors can be described as the whole idea or the metaphor which establishes the linguistic expressions that will follow afterwards and the train of thought which are constructed about as all of the expressions share something in common. For instance: The relationship between primary metaphors and compound metaphors As it was examined by Murphy in 1996 Conceptual Metaphor Theory carries a problem concerning the target domain and its structure, which limits the metaphorical mappings and entailments that can apply, and at the same time that the target domain is abstract in the sense that is not clearly delineated According to Grady there are two types of conceptual metaphor: primary metaphor and compound metaphor. Both primary and compound metaphors are constituents of conceptual metaphor. Primary metaphors differ from compound metaphors but at the same time they share a relationship. According to Grady primary metaphors relate two simple concepts from distinct domains. In contrast, compound metaphors relate entire complex domains of experience. (Evans and Green, p.307) Threfore, the idea that rises is that they are both conceptual metaphors, instead primary metaphors link different concepts from different domains rather than linking entire domains like compound metaphors do. Lakoff and Johnson and Grady and Johnson claim that humans from very early on form experiential correlations, which they call primary metaphors. As instances of such basic metaphors AFFECTION IS WARMTH, DIFFICULTIES ARE BURDENS, and KNOWING IS SEEING, among others, have been proposed. A feeling of warmth is often concomitant with an affectionate embrace. The above authors see primary metaphors as the atomic building blocks of more complex metaphors. ( oxford book. Chapter 10 metonymy panther and Thornburg) p.245 The relationship between conceptual metaphors and embodied experiences Conceptual metaphors are greatly linked with our embodied experiences as our experiences help us in order to understand and conceptualize metaphors. An important observation about conceptual metaphors is that many of their source domains reflect significant patterns of bodily experience. (Gibbs Jr, 2003, 1192) For instance when we talk about love as LOVE IS A JOURNEY, we refer to the notion of love as an experience we feel, and it has a starting point, an ending or a destination. We experience the idea of love and through metaphors we express our experiences. Therefore our experiences and memories help us in order to construct conceptual metaphors in our minds. Conclusion All in all, to conclude, metaphors are part of our way of expressing ourselves, thoughts, as well as experiences, in our everyday life. Through conceptual metaphors which mark the destination and the theme of the linguistic expressions, people express their thoughts and experiences.

Paranoia Essay -- Psychology Essays

Paranoia If it has been confirmed that brain equals behavior, then why don't we fear our own thought processes? Persons with paranoia disorder are not aware that they are in fear of their own brains, but in some respect fear of oneself and what ones brain can create is exactly what persons with paranoia disorder experience. Everyone experiences small doses and bouts of paranoia on nearly a daily basis, but not everyone exists on its affects. Those with paranoia disorder deal with a constant nagging that they cannot control because it tends to control them, hence your brain as your enemy. Though the causes of paranoia are not clearly defined in either social or medical fields, the obvious truth is that paranoia stems from the brain and the nervous system causing persons to be "highly suspicious of other people" (4). According to studies paranoia stems from several possible areas. "Potential factors may be genetics, neurological abnormalities, [and] changes in brain chemistry. Acute, or sh ort-term paranoia may occur in some individuals overwhelmed by stress" (4). In terms of genetics, paranoia is not defined as something strictly hereditary, however there is a tendency towards its occurrence in families with members with schizophrenia or other mental disorders (6). Socially speaking paranoia appears to be passed down from parent to child through shear exposure and environment. If certain personality traits are innate within a person, than the possibility of a genetic inclination towards paranoia does not appear way off base. This of course stems from discussion on whether or not personality is developed or innate. In almost everything somebody does, his or her personality comes through. The question of nature versu... ...es that force themselves to become "aware" of their surroundings and insecure around all those surrounding them. 1) On the Couch: Faces of Paranoia http://www.iht.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi 2) Paranoia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000938.htm 3) Paranoid Personality Disorder http://health.yahoo.com/health/encyclopedia/000938/0.html 4 Paranoid Personality Disorder http://www.hendrickhealth.org/healthy/001021.htm#Causesandsymptoms 5) Self Protection or Delusion? The Many Varieties of Paranoia http://www.nytimes.com/auth/login?URI=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/01/health/psychology/01BEHA.html&OQ=exQ3D1050465600Q26enQ3Df319c80176a7dff0Q26eiQ3D5070&OP=d5153a6Q2FQ2AoRzQ2AQ24FhQ3CsFFAQ5BQ2AQ5B55Q3BQ2A5HQ2A5Q20Q2AQ25Rn,AQ25Q2AjQ3CbhQ25F,FIbQ2A5Q20Q7CG)OxQ25Ad, 6) Useful Information on Paranoia http://www.hoptechno.com/paranoia.htm

Remaking Beowulf as a Christian Hero Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essay

Remaking Beowulf as a Christian Hero The story of Beowulf is full of religious references and symbolism, but is it truly a Christian story? According to the narrative, Beowulf is an instrument of God, an instrument of righteousness called by God to perform His will for the Danes. In stark contrast to his good, is the enemy, Grendel, the incarnation of pure evil. These two characters appear to represent the forces of good versus the forces of evil. It would be easy enough to leave the story that way, but it appears that Beowulf is written intentionally to make the main characters appear more important by adding Biblical references to the narrative. By creating characters of a Biblical stature, the story as a whole has an added importance. The story was to be important enough that those who told it and those that heard it would never forget the tale. This gruesome creature was called Grendel, notorious prowler of the borderland, ranger of the moors, the fen and the fastness; this cursed creature lived in a monster's lair for a time after the Creator had condemned him as one of the seed of Cain - the Everlasting Lord avenged Abel's murder. Cain had no satisfaction from that feud, but the Creator sent him into exile, far from mankind because of his crime. He could no longer approach the throne of grace, that precious place in God's presence, nor did he feel God's love. (102-113) Grendel is likened to Cain in this passage, but he seems to show characteristics of the devil as well. He is called a prowl... ...ciety. The pagan religions were passing away and being replaced by new traditions and a new religion. Maybe this version of Beowulf is like a remake of an old movie done forty years ago. It had been revamped to fit in with the times. If it had, it was a good idea, because this "modernized" version of Beowulf has certainly stood the test of time. Works Cited Blackburn, F.A.. "The Christian Coloring in the Beowulf." In An Anthology of Beowulf Criticism, edited by Lewis E. Nicholson. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1963. Bloom, Harold. "Introduction." In Modern Critical Interpretations: Beowulf, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Frank, Roberta. "The Beowulf Poet's Sense of History." In Beowulf - Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.

Principles of Management (Wal-Mart)

The strengths of Wal-Mart are many. First, it is its sales volume. 200 million people visit 10,800 stores weekly worldwide. Its business model of increasing sales by lowering prices works very well for them. Wal-Mart deals directly with producers from local farmers to major product manufactures. This strategy allows them to secure the lowest prices possible for their customers. Wal-Mart’s supply chain is second to none. They are constantly exploring more efficient ways to transport products to customers in order to lower prices.Wal-Mart defiantly has one of the worlds most advanced global supply networks. Variety is key to Wal-Mart. If there is profit in selling a product, Wal-Mart does it. With four hundred and sixty six billion in sales for 2012, Wal-Mart is the world’s leading retailer and generates a huge cash flow. This allows them to expand internationally as well as geographically. The grocery section has grown to account for 51% of sales. Wal-Mart is now the big gest grocer in the country. The pharmacy has grown as well. With four dollar prescriptions, they have changed the prescription drug industry.Wal-Mart is the largest private employer in the world with 2. 2 million associates worldwide. Wal-Mart tends to promote from within. Not only does this strategy help retain knowledgeable associates and managers who know Wal-Mart from top to bottom. Even with such strong growth, Wal-Mart still delivers to stock holders. First quarter dividends for 2013 were one dollar and nine cents per share, returning more than 200 million dollars to shareholders. Wal-Mart is a key component in most mutual funds. Wal-Mart’s size allows it to buy in volumes that no one else can.In general, the higher the volume the lower the price per Unit. By sticking to Sam Walton’s original business model of lower prices to create higher sales volume, Wal-Mart is a world leader in sustainability and the biggest retailer in the world. W – Weaknesses: The weaknesses of Wal-Mart include negative press coverage, which is always a weakness in retail. With a company the size of Wal-Mart, small miscues are big news. Wal-Mart needs their customers to have a positive opinion of them so they will keep coming back. With overhead the size of Wal-Mart, customers must visit regularly.Wal-Mart operates on a low profit margin. When economic conditions are poor, sales go down and affect Wal-Mart quickly. Wal-Mart buys 40% of the products it sells from foreign sources. Government instability can disrupt, or even dissolve supply to stores. Wal-Mart cannot control how well governments maintain road and ports. Poor infrastructure maintenance slows delivery and can result in lower sales. Instability can also have negative effects on currency exchange rates. These weaknesses may not have slowed Wal-Mart’s growth to date, but they will not be going away.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ O – Opportunities Wal-Mart has many opportunities in the current economy a nd is in a great position within its industry being very committed to finding opportunities to market new products and finding new ways to market old products in new ways. Wal-Mart online is constantly updated to take advantage of the growing internet market. Wal-Mart has recognized the global growth opportunity and is aggressively expanding globally in twenty eight different countries. Wal-Mart sees opportunity in its employees. Wal-Mart is a leader in internal promotion.This ensures that Wal-Mart managers are stable and knowledgeable of Wal-Mart as a whole. It is not effective in poor economies. The weather is also a constant threat. Inclement weather can close manufacturing plants, roads and stores. Heavy snows in one part of the country can close transportation routes. Destructive storms such as a hurricane can close and even destroy plants and stores. Weather related expenses and sale loss are unpredictable and always a threat. Wal-Mart is the biggest retailer in the world, mak ing it chief target for all competition.Large, existing companies need to cut into Wal-Mart’s customer base in order to grow. Wal-Mart’s customers are also being courted by new companies, especially in the internet market place. Social pressure and negative comments is also emerging as an internet threat, and Wal-Mart will have to combat it. With volume the key to success, Wal-Mart must keep a constant visual on the threats to its customer base. Conclusion The outlook for Wal-Mart, based on an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats is great. With 466 billion dollars in sales for 2012, Wal-Mart’s business model must work for them.

Int Fin

warning Midterm 1 Questions 1. Which of the come throughing does non constitute a course of instruction of leave world-wide enthronisation? a. Franchising b. planetary make do c. Joint ventures d. Acquisitions of lively trading operations e. psychiatric hospital of new strange subsidiaries 2. Which of the undermentioned theories identifies specialty as a effort for outside(a) business? a. theory of comparative degree advantage. b. decrepit markets theory. c. product cycle theory. d. none of the preceding(prenominal) 3. Agency be go nearly by multinational corporations (MNCs) whitethorn be large than those faced by stringently municipal rigids because a.Monitoring of managers located in foreign countries is much difficult. b. Foreign subsidiary managers elevated in different cultures may not follow uniform goals. c. MNCs argon comparatively large. d. all in all of the to a higher place e. A and B entirely 4. Which of the sideline industries would most apparent add advantage of lower costs in some less essential foreign countries? a. assembly line production. b. specialise victor services. c. nuclear missile provision. d. planning for more(prenominal) sophisticated computer technology. 5. The uniting Ameri deal Free Trade pact (NAFTA) change magnitude restrictions on a. rade betwixt Canada and Mexico. b. craftiness between Canada and the U. S. c. civilise foreign investment in Mexico by U. S. firms. d. none of the preceding(prenominal). 6. Which of the undermentioned is mentioned in the text as a realistic means by which the g everyplacenment may cartel to improve its offset of backup position (increase its exports or discredit its imports). a. It could attempt to reduce its home species look on. b. The organization could lead firms to engage in outsourcing. c. The regime could collect that its local firms pursue outsourcing. d. every last(predicate) of the higher up are mentioned. . If a countrys p residency imposes a tariff on merchandise goods, that countrys catamenia account balance leave behind probably ____ (assuming no retaliation by other(a) presidential terms). a. decrease b. increase c. watch unswayed d. each A or C are feasible 8. wear upon that a banks bid compute on Swiss francs is $. 45 and its ask reckon is $. 47. Its bid-ask destiny spread is a. near 4. 44%. b. about 4. 26%. c. about 4. 03%. d. about 4. 17%. 9. If a U. S. firm desires to fend off the seek from supersede invest fluctuations, and it is receiving 100,000 in 90 geezerhood, it could a. btain a 90-day send bribe contract on euros. b. obtain a 90-day send sale contract on euros. c. barter for euros 90 years from this instant at the stake gait. d. sell euros 90 days from now at the position array. 10. LIBOR is a. the raise sum up comm merely charged for imparts between banks. b. the average ostentatiousness regulate in European countries. c. the maximum loan rate ceil ing on loans in the pla makeary money market. d. the maximum accommo season rate ceiling on deposits in the international money market. e. the maximum stake rate offered on bonds that are issued in London. 11. Eurobonds a. an be issued only by European firms. b. can be sold only to European investors. c. A and B d. none of the above 12. A Japanese ache is expenditure $. 0080, and a Fijian horse mark (F$) is expenditure $. 5900. What is the jimmy of the yen in Fijian sawbuck bills (i. e. , how mevery Fijian long horses do you accept to buy a yen)? a. 73. 75. b. 125. c. 1. 69. d. 0. 014. e. none of the above 13. A acknowledgment representing the value of a foreign property in dollar bills is referred to as a(n) ____ quotation a quotation representing the event of units of a foreign currency per dollar is referred to as a(n) ____ quotation. . direct substantiative b. confirmative direct c. direct direct d. mediate indirect e. cannot be answered without more teachin g 14. The value of the Australian dollar (A$) right away is $0. 73. Yesterday, the value of the Australian dollar was $0. 69. The Australian dollar ____ by ____%. a. depreciated 5. 80 b. depreciated 4. 00 c. send wordd 5. 80 d. appreciated 4. 00 15. Baylor slang believes the bleak Zealand dollar ordain appreciate all over the next five days from $. 48 to $. 50. The pursual annual pursuance order apply Currency Dollars virgin Zealand dollar (NZ$) Lending Rate 7. 10% . 80% Borrowing Rate 7. 50% 7. 25% Baylor Bank has the capacity to follow every NZ$10 million or $5 million. If Baylor Banks forecast is correct, what will its dollar dough be from speculation over the five-day stop (assuming it does not use any of its existing consumer deposits to capitalize on its expectations)? a. $521,325. b. $500,520. c. $104,262. d. $413,419. e. $208,044. 16. If puffiness increases well in Australia while U. S. inflation ashes unchanged, this is expected to place ____ tweet on the val ue of the Australian dollar with treasure to the U. S. ollar. a. upwards b. downward c. either upward or downward (depending on the floor of the increase in Australian inflation) d. none of the above there will be no impact 17. The annual send on rate of the British perplex is quoted at $1. 60, and the speck rate of the British ticktack is quoted at $1. 63. The forward ____ is ____ percent. a. usher out 1. 9 b. discount 1. 8 c. aid 1. 9 d. agiotage 1. 8 18. If your firm expects the euro to considerably depreciate, it could speculate by ____ euro recollect elections or ____ euros forward in the forward exchange market. a. change exchange . selling buying c. purchasing purchasing d. purchasing selling 19. pay that a piston purchases a put option on British puntings (with a strike equipment casualty of $1. 50) for $. 05 per unit. A pound sign option represents 31,250 units. Assume that at the epoch of the purchase, the spot rate of the pound is $1. 51 and continua lly rises to $1. 62 by the expiration date. The highest net avail possible for the speculator ground on the teaching above is a. $1,562. 50. b. ?$1,562. 50. c. ?$1,250. 00. d. ?$625. 00. 20. You purchase a cry out option on pounds for a support of $. 3 per unit, with an exercise price of $1. 64 the option will not be exercised until the expiration date, if at all. If the spot rate on the expiration date is $1. 65, your net profit per unit is a. ?$. 03. b. ?$. 02. c. ?$. 01. d. $. 02. e. none of the above 21. A U. S. corporation has purchased currency roar options to hedge a 70,000 pound payable. The premium is $. 02 and the exercise price of the option is $. 50. If the spot rate at the time of maturity date is $. 65, what is the total amount of money remunerative by the corporation if it acts rationally? a. $33,600. b. $46,900. c. $44,100. d. $36,400. 22.Which of the following is not true regarding the Mexican peso crisis? a. Mexico promote firms and consumers to buy an ex cessive amount of imports because the peso was stronger than it should have been. b. Many speculators based in the U. S. speculated on the potential twilight in the peso by drop their specie in Mexico. c. In declination of 1994, the of import bank of Mexico allowed the peso to ice-cream soda freely. d. The central bank of Mexico increased engage rank after the peso declined in value in order to disallow investors from withdrawing their investments in Mexicos debt securities. e. All of the above are true.Int caudal finSample Midterm 1 Questions 1. Which of the following does not constitute a form of direct foreign investment? a. Franchising b. International trade c. Joint ventures d. Acquisitions of existing operations e. Establishment of new foreign subsidiaries 2. Which of the following theories identifies specialization as a reason for international business? a. theory of comparative advantage. b. imperfect markets theory. c. product cycle theory. d. none of the above 3 . Agency costs faced by multinational corporations (MNCs) may be larger than those faced by purely domestic firms because a.Monitoring of managers located in foreign countries is more difficult. b. Foreign subsidiary managers raised in different cultures may not follow uniform goals. c. MNCs are relatively large. d. All of the above e. A and B only 4. Which of the following industries would most likely take advantage of lower costs in some less developed foreign countries? a. assembly line production. b. specialized professional services. c. nuclear missile planning. d. planning for more sophisticated computer technology. 5. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) increased restrictions on a. rade between Canada and Mexico. b. trade between Canada and the U. S. c. direct foreign investment in Mexico by U. S. firms. d. none of the above. 6. Which of the following is mentioned in the text as a possible means by which the government may attempt to improve its balance of trade p osition (increase its exports or reduce its imports). a. It could attempt to reduce its home currencys value. b. The government could require firms to engage in outsourcing. c. The government could require that its local firms pursue outsourcing. d. All of the above are mentioned. . If a countrys government imposes a tariff on imported goods, that countrys current account balance will likely ____ (assuming no retaliation by other governments). a. decrease b. increase c. remain unaffected d. either A or C are possible 8. Assume that a banks bid rate on Swiss francs is $. 45 and its ask rate is $. 47. Its bid-ask percentage spread is a. about 4. 44%. b. about 4. 26%. c. about 4. 03%. d. about 4. 17%. 9. If a U. S. firm desires to avoid the risk from exchange rate fluctuations, and it is receiving 100,000 in 90 days, it could a. btain a 90-day forward purchase contract on euros. b. obtain a 90-day forward sale contract on euros. c. purchase euros 90 days from now at the spot rate. d. s ell euros 90 days from now at the spot rate. 10. LIBOR is a. the interest rate commonly charged for loans between banks. b. the average inflation rate in European countries. c. the maximum loan rate ceiling on loans in the international money market. d. the maximum deposit rate ceiling on deposits in the international money market. e. the maximum interest rate offered on bonds that are issued in London. 11. Eurobonds a. an be issued only by European firms. b. can be sold only to European investors. c. A and B d. none of the above 12. A Japanese yen is worth $. 0080, and a Fijian dollar (F$) is worth $. 5900. What is the value of the yen in Fijian dollars (i. e. , how many Fijian dollars do you need to buy a yen)? a. 73. 75. b. 125. c. 1. 69. d. 0. 014. e. none of the above 13. A quotation representing the value of a foreign currency in dollars is referred to as a(n) ____ quotation a quotation representing the number of units of a foreign currency per dollar is referred to as a(n) __ __ quotation. . direct indirect b. indirect direct c. direct direct d. indirect indirect e. cannot be answered without more information 14. The value of the Australian dollar (A$) today is $0. 73. Yesterday, the value of the Australian dollar was $0. 69. The Australian dollar ____ by ____%. a. depreciated 5. 80 b. depreciated 4. 00 c. appreciated 5. 80 d. appreciated 4. 00 15. Baylor Bank believes the New Zealand dollar will appreciate over the next five days from $. 48 to $. 50. The following annual interest rates apply Currency Dollars New Zealand dollar (NZ$) Lending Rate 7. 10% . 80% Borrowing Rate 7. 50% 7. 25% Baylor Bank has the capacity to borrow either NZ$10 million or $5 million. If Baylor Banks forecast is correct, what will its dollar profit be from speculation over the five-day period (assuming it does not use any of its existing consumer deposits to capitalize on its expectations)? a. $521,325. b. $500,520. c. $104,262. d. $413,419. e. $208,044. 16. If inflation increa ses substantially in Australia while U. S. inflation remains unchanged, this is expected to place ____ pressure on the value of the Australian dollar with respect to the U. S. ollar. a. upward b. downward c. either upward or downward (depending on the degree of the increase in Australian inflation) d. none of the above there will be no impact 17. The one-year forward rate of the British pound is quoted at $1. 60, and the spot rate of the British pound is quoted at $1. 63. The forward ____ is ____ percent. a. discount 1. 9 b. discount 1. 8 c. premium 1. 9 d. premium 1. 8 18. If your firm expects the euro to substantially depreciate, it could speculate by ____ euro call options or ____ euros forward in the forward exchange market. a. selling selling . selling purchasing c. purchasing purchasing d. purchasing selling 19. Assume that a speculator purchases a put option on British pounds (with a strike price of $1. 50) for $. 05 per unit. A pound option represents 31,250 units. Assume th at at the time of the purchase, the spot rate of the pound is $1. 51 and continually rises to $1. 62 by the expiration date. The highest net profit possible for the speculator based on the information above is a. $1,562. 50. b. ?$1,562. 50. c. ?$1,250. 00. d. ?$625. 00. 20. You purchase a call option on pounds for a premium of $. 3 per unit, with an exercise price of $1. 64 the option will not be exercised until the expiration date, if at all. If the spot rate on the expiration date is $1. 65, your net profit per unit is a. ?$. 03. b. ?$. 02. c. ?$. 01. d. $. 02. e. none of the above 21. A U. S. corporation has purchased currency call options to hedge a 70,000 pound payable. The premium is $. 02 and the exercise price of the option is $. 50. If the spot rate at the time of maturity is $. 65, what is the total amount paid by the corporation if it acts rationally? a. $33,600. b. $46,900. c. $44,100. d. $36,400. 22.Which of the following is not true regarding the Mexican peso crisis? a . Mexico encouraged firms and consumers to buy an excessive amount of imports because the peso was stronger than it should have been. b. Many speculators based in the U. S. speculated on the potential decline in the peso by investing their funds in Mexico. c. In December of 1994, the central bank of Mexico allowed the peso to float freely. d. The central bank of Mexico increased interest rates after the peso declined in value in order to prevent investors from withdrawing their investments in Mexicos debt securities. e. All of the above are true.