Link Antiretroviral Therapy Centre Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(203) " tested interview agenda was administered to enter the cost and clip spent on the twenty-four hours of the visit to associate and nodal antiretroviral therapy Centre by people on antiretroviral therapy\." Peoples populating with HIV/AIDS face a major economic load on themselves every bit good as their households. This economic load put their households into vulnerable state of affairs by doing them to sell their assets and utilize their economy which in bend puts them in debt. If this economic load can be reduced, PLHA will hold important decrease in mortality and morbidity and their households can populate their lives with less problem and jobs. We will write a custom essay sample on Link Antiretroviral Therapy Centre Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aim and aims: To cognize the benefits received by people populating with HIV/AIDS and go toing Link ART Centre in Karkala and Kundapura taluk of Udupi territory which includes their outgo of cost and clip while on ART on a regular basis. This survey besides includes appraisal of services provided by link ART Centre. Methodology: There were entire 154 survey topics interviewed with a pre tested interview agenda inquiring them about their cost and clip outgo while taking ART from link ART and nodal ART Centre. Servicess provided by the Link ART Centres was besides assessed as portion of the benefits of people and compared with guidelines given for running Link ART Centre by NACO, India. Consequences: A cost minimisation analysis was done with a conjectural scenario of Link ART absence and presence. It was found that there was a great decrease in cost and clip outgo of clients since they have started coming to associate ART Centre. Mean ( Std. Dev. ) cost spent by clients in the instan ce when nexus ART was unavailable was Rs. 2462.00 ( Rs.1752.43 ) and in the instance where nexus ART was available was Rs. 1134.90 ( Rs. 1548.98 ) . Median clip spent by clients in instance when nexus ART was unavailable was 20 hours and in instance when nexus ART was available was 40hours.These two cost and clip was compared and tested with Wilcoxson mark rank trial and found to be important ( p= A ; lt ; 0.001 ) in both clip and cost analysis. Health service appraisal found out that both link ART Centre have some substructure and human resource demands to be fulfilled. Drugs handiness and research lab services are good under state of affairs and working harmonizing to guidelines. Decision: Link ART Centre was an first-class measure taken by the NACO with Government of India. It helped a batch of PLHA to salvage their clip and cost on going and other outgos. Link ART centres gives chance to primary wellness attention system to include HIV/AIDS in their precedence country by deconc entrating ART Centres as drug distribution Centres. Link ART centres reduced a great burden of clients coming to ART Centres every month. Clients can besides be attended good when the instance burden on each counselor is non more. Important demands of the Centres need to be fulfilled to give better services to the clients go toing link ART Centre. Introduction When HIV/AIDS was first recognized in 1981, few would hold predicted that it would intensify into a modern twenty-four hours pestilence, with over 33.3 million person infected worldwide.1 The most advanced phase of HIV infection is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) . It can take 10-15 old ages for an HIV-infected individual to develop AIDS ; antiretroviral drugs can decelerate down the procedure even further.2 Antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) has been proven to be extremely effectual at cut downing HIV/AIDS-related morbidity and mortality. 4-8 Standard Antiretroviral Therapy ( ART ) consists of the usage of at least three Antiretroviral ( ARV ) drugs to maximally stamp down the HIV virus and halt the patterned advance of HIV disease. Huge decreases have been seen in rates of decease and agony when usage is made of a powerful antiretroviral regimen.2 Art Centres were started by Government of India in April 2004 with 8 Centres across the state. In a phased mode it was up scaled to 250 Centres all over the state. These Centres in all over the state provide free ART to more than 300,000 grownups and 40,000 kids. The ART Centres are located chiefly in Medical Colleges, Tertiary Hospitals and District Hospitals in some provinces. As a consequence, many a times, patients from fringe have to go long distances to make the ART Centre. As the intervention is life-long and drugs are provided one time a month, it means the patient has to come to ART Centre every month for remainder of his life, even when he is stable on intervention. This may take to losing of visits, peculiarly when patient is going or is otherwise feeling healthy. Besides monthly visits lead to batch of haste at ART Centres, taking to long waiting hours and incommodiousness to patients. The monthly visits may besides imply the patient ‘s stay in the metropolis taking to escalation of costs in add-on to go cost. Many a times these costs may be more than cost of drugs that patient is provided. All these factors have been perceived as possible barriers to an optimum attachment for ART. To minimise the travel demand for the patients stable on ART, it is envisaged to hold authorized Drug Distribution Centres that are called Link ART centres located near the patient ‘s abode. These Centres will be linked to a Nodal ART Centre within accessible distance. Link ART centres was started with the aims to incorporate ART services with the Primary / Secondary Health Care system, to construct the capacity of the wellness attention staff at the Primary Health Care Level in ART intervention, to increase the entree of ART services to the people populating with HIV/AIDS ( PLHA ) , to better the attachment of patients to ART, to cut down the travel cost and travel clip of PLHA to entree services and to cut down the burden at the Nodal ART Centre. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted to understand the benefits received by people populating with HIV/AIDS go toing link antiretroviral therapy Centre in Karkala and Kundapura link antiretroviral therapy Centre of Udupi territory. A pre tested interview agenda was administered to enter the cost and clip spent on the twenty-four hours of the visit to associate and nodal antiretroviral therapy Centre by people on antiretroviral therapy. You read "Link Antiretroviral Therapy Centre Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Data was collected and analyzed utilizing SPSS ( version 16 ) bundle and Microsoft Excel 2007. Consequences Table I depicts that in Kundapura link ART Centre there were 117 participant ‘s registered and out of them 101 ( 86.32 % ) clients are taking ART, 2 ( 1.71 % ) of the clients were loss to follow-up, 12 ( 10.26 ) clients shifted back to nodal ART Centre due to Opportunist Infections, personal jobs and 2 ( 1.71 % ) deceases were reported. In Karkala link ART Centre at the terminal of July 2011 there were 37 clients registered, out of them 35 ( 94.6 % ) clients are taking ART, 1 ( 2.7 % ) of the client was loss to follow up, 1 ( 2.7 % ) client was shifted back to nodal ART due to timeserving infection ( TB ) and no deceases were reported. Table Two shows that 124 ( 91.2 % ) participants were passing less than 1750 Rs per annum on going to ART Centres. This outgo includes travel charges of 12 visits to associate and 2 visits to nodal ART Centre. Table Three shows that 109 ( 80.1 % ) participants did non passing on nutrient on the twenty-four hours of travel to associate ART Centre and 17 ( 12.5 % ) of participants are passing about 265 to 530 Rs per annum on nutrient. Table Four shows that 37 ( 27.2 % ) of participants spent their clip between one hr to 15 hours per twelvemonth on going for nexus and nodal ART Centre, 71 ( 52.2 % ) participants exhausted 15 to 30 hours on going while 18 ( 13.2 % ) participants spent 30-45 hours of their clip on going. It was besides noticed that average clip spent on going to associate and nodal ART Centre per twelvemonth was 20 hour. Table Volt shows that there was a important difference ( p= A ; lt ; 0.001 ) in the cost when nexus ART is available and non available was compared at 5 % important degree. Average cost spent when nexus ART was available was Rs.1134.91with standard divergence of 1548.98 and average cost spent when nexus ART was non available was Rs. 2462.06 with standard divergence of 1752.43. Table VI depicts that there was a important difference ( p= A ; lt ; 0.001 ) in the cost, when nexus ART is available and non available was compared at 5 % important degree. Median clip spent when link ART was available was 20 hours ( 25th percentile 15 hours and 75th percentile 29 hours ) and average clip spent when link ART was non available was 40 hours ( 25th percentile 33 hours and 75th percentile 72 hours ) Discussion A cost-minimization analysis ( CMA ) steps and compares input costs and clip, and assumes results to be tantamount. In this survey cost and clip spent by the clients go toing link ART Centre was measured with doing an premise of equal result i.e. in this instance is drug distributing to the ART clients. There were batch of cost effectivity surveies conducted on ART for HIV/AIDS and it was proved to be really cost effectual. ART has been proven to be extremely effectual at cut downing HIV/AIDS-related morbidity and mortality. 4-8 In India ART is provided free of cost in selected authorities wellness attention Centre named as ART centres. Most of these Centres are located in territory central offices hence clients need to go to these Centres every month to roll up their medical specialties for life long. Due to regular traveling to these Centres there is immense sum of out-of-pocket outgo on these disbursals from the clients which causes economic load on household.18 This economic load leads the household to run on crises, they start selling their assets and salvaging and in bend seting households in debt which may worsen preexistent poverty.21 Studies proved HIV/AIDS in India causes major economic load on households even when drugs are provided free of cost to the clients due to immense out-of-pocket outgo on transposing to take the drugs.25,26 To get the better of the burden Government of India and NACO started periphery drug distribution Centres called link ART Centres which was located in fringes of territ ory central office. So that, it will be less clip and money consuming for the clients to go to the Centres located near to their houses. This survey is based on the cost minimisation rule to warrant the construct of link ART Centre as the right pick of intercession to minimise the load on the households with people populating with HIV/AIDS. Out of Pocket outgo There is immense sum of decrease in out of pocket outgo of money and clip being saved due to opening up of link ART Centre. The magnitude of clip and money saved can be utilized with more productive work and that money can be used in bettering wellness of the person and household. After link ART was opened many of the clients do n’t hold to take leave from their occupation and come to take their medical specialties. Many people are day-to-day pay worker and if they take off from occupation that twenty-four hours salary will be cut. Now, as link ART is opened they come during their tiffin clip to roll up their medical specialty without taking off from work. It was found in the survey that few of the kids ‘s parents died with AIDS and now either their household member or relations are taking attention of those kids. All the disbursals of those kids are borne by their defenders and in bend seting their household with economic load. Since the nexus ART Centre has been opened, there is immense sum of decrease in economic load on these households. It was besides found that few grandparents are taking attention of their grandkids and taking them for their medical specialties to Centres. This construct of link ART Centre will cut down their load excessively. Transportation system Cost Most preferred manner of conveyance for the clients to go to associate ART Centre was Public conveyance system i.e. coach. As HIV/AIDS is extremely stigmatising societal job, PLHA do non prefer to utilize the base on balls service as they have to unwrap their HIV position to the conveyance company to acquire the base on balls issued. Food Cost and drug cost Many clients go toing link ART Centre skip their afternoon repast as they do n’t desire to pass some excess money on nutrient. Jumping nutrient can do serious job with their unsusceptibility on interest as they are really vulnerable to many timeserving infection. Clients sometimes have to purchase few medical specialties for their timeserving infection and general jobs. These medical specialties put more economic load on the clients and doing them vulnerable to economic debt. Travel Time Clients had to go a long distance boulder clay link ART Centre was non opened but now people who are shifted to associate ART Centre reported a great decrease in clip ingestion on travel and they can pass more clip on work and with households. Table I: – Associate ART enrollment inside informations Link ART Status Number of Participants Percentage Kundapura On ART 101 86.32 Loss to follow up 2 1.71 Shifted back to Nodal ART Centre 12 10.26 Death 2 1.71 Entire 117 100 Karkala On ART 35 94.6 Loss to follow up 1 2.7 Shifted back to Nodal ART Centre 1 2.7 Death Nothing Nothing Entire 37 100 Table Two: – Outgo on travel by participants per twelvemonth ( n=136 ) Travel cost per twelvemonth ( Rupees ) Number of Participants Percentage A ; lt ; 1750 124 91.2 1750-3500 9 6.6 3500-5250 2 1.5 5250-7000 Nothing Nothing 7000-8750 Nothing Nothing 8750-10500 Nothing Nothing 10500-12250 Nothing Nothing 12250-14000 1 0.7 Entire 136 100.0 Table Three: – Outgo on nutrient per twelvemonth by participants ( n=136 ) Food Cost ( Rupees ) Number of Participants Percentage Nothing 109 80.1 265-530 17 12.5 530-795 6 4.4 795-1060 2 1.5 1060-1590 Nothing Nothing 1590-1855 1 0.7 1855-2120 1 0.7 Entire 136 100.0 Table Four: – Time spent on going per twelvemonth by participants ( n=136 ) Time spent ( Hours ) Number of participants Percentage 0-15 37 27.2 15-30 71 52.2 30-45 18 13.2 45-60 7 5.1 60-75 1 0.7 75-90 Nothing Nothing 90-105 Nothing Nothing 105-120 2 1.5 Entire 136 100 Table Volt: – Wilcoxon mark rank trial for comparing link ART available and unavailable cost spent by the participants ( n=136 ) Class Number of Participants Mean Std. Deviation Percentiles P- value 25th fiftieth 75th Link ART available cost 136 1134.91 1548.98 514.50 783.00 1133.50 A ; lt ; 0.001 Link ART unavailable cost 136 2462.06 1752.43 1356 1812.00 3120.00 Table Six: – Wilcoxon mark rank trial for comparing link ART available and unavailable clip spent by the participants ( n=136 ) Class Number of Participants Median Percentiles P- value 25th fiftieth 75th Link ART available clip 136 20 15 20 29 A ; lt ; 0.001 Link ART unavailable clip 136 40 33 40 72 How to cite Link Antiretroviral Therapy Centre Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Business in China free essay sample

What challenges do foreign firms face when they seek to transfer their home management style to China? 2. Discuss the reform of Chinese state-owned enterprises and related government policy changes. Evaluate the impact within the state-owned businesses and the chinese society. Chinese management Doing business in China requires a throughout understanding of their management philosophy and practices. Their management style is different in many respects from mainstream Western Management and is characterized by a combination of a paternalistic approach and an intuitive, entrepreneurial, and fast-decision making style. Challenges for foreign firms in China MNEs generally start off with clear advantages in that they have better industry specific technology, know-how and innovation capabilities and also they have higher level of managerial competence in such functions. There are many advantages of operating in China: * Cheap factors of production, especially labour * Benefit from tax breaks * Operating in a low cost base for export to 3d countries * Secure access to market. China has reduced many of import quotas but remain high in some sectors Challenges: Everything is possible, but nothing is easy’. Disputes with Joint Ventures partners due to differences in management style. Family is hierarchical and extended. Family power distance is evident with most major business organizations. Chinese families retain administrative control and family members hold the top management positions. Western worker will need to balance his or her interdependence within the highly collectivist Chinese business and family structure. * Unfamiliar local HR practices * Insufficient infrastructure (shortages of power and electricity) Many MNEs are equipped with sophisticated marketing and brand building skills. But in order to deploy their skills, MNEs need specialised inputs like detailed market research that is often poorly supplied in China. If they perform these function skills in-house, they often lack the required skills. * Difficulties in retaining skilled people * Tortuous supply chains Many MNEs rely on strong distribution channels to deliver their products reliably and also educate customers about more subtle advantages they offer. But efficient logistics are new concepts in China. MNEs cannot deploy their competitive advantage of supply chain management. They are confronted by a lack of component local suppliers. draw value chain * Communication barriers : culture and guanxi Chinese management tend to rely on personalized relationship. These are divided in two groups: trust based relations( in- group) and strangers relations( out-group). Trust based relations are built on intimate and interpersonal trust. These groups are smaller and more family based. Strangers relations mean that it is very difficult for Chinese to build personalized relationships with people they by fate have to work with. Also, Chinese are used to be masters in their own house and will not accept if the expatriates will treat them as ‘employees=machines’. Moreover, in comparison to west, which tends to have more individualistic relationships, China relies on collectivism, where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of the group. Guanxi The foreign firms may face difficulties due to different perception of relationships. For firms operating in Chinese society, understanding the role of guanxi is crucial and how it affects all the major dimensions of firms performance. Knowing and maintaining guanxi networks are essential for corporate success. The concept therefore contains implicit mutual obligation and governs Chinese social and business relationships. gt; Russian BLAT is the equivalent. Guanxi bases are divided into blood bases, which is family members and relatives and social bases, which arise from social interactions. 1)Guanxi is transferable. It means that one group maintaining guanxi can recommend one of the members to a friend, and then they also become in a relationship of guanxi. For example, Avon was unsuccessful until the time when the head of Hong Kong Bank of East Asia recommended it to Chinese government. )Guanxi is intangible and people who share it are committed to each other. Disregarding this commitment can lead to damage of one’s reputation. 3)Guanxi is social capital. It is an investment in a relationship and should be clearly distinguished from the Western conception of networking that is virtually associated with commercial-based relations. Many Western businesses are often in danger of overemphasizing the gift-giving of Guanxi relationship, thereby coming closely to bribery. Guanxi is not similar to a fee for service, it is given to strengthen personal relationship. Organisational guanxi: Companies suffer when their Chinese staff leave because they take their valuable guanxi with them. To prevent such loss, one Chinese manager designed to transform individual guanxi into organizational guanxi. This was achieved through organizing regular meetings and social activities for the staff of two partner companies. Also, it is important to audit company’s guanxi with its outside stakeholders, such as customers, suppliers, and government bodies. Such an audit will allow to identify strength and weaknesses of guanxi network. * Tough from local Chinese players competition Local competitors have a better understanding of what will work in the local environment. They are leaner, more flexible and have lower costs. * Salary differences between western and Chinese players * Uncertain political environment and unpredictable policy changes * Lack of reliable statistics and market information Learning market in China is important as sometimes foreign companies fail to understand what Chinese consumer wants. They should do a careful research before entering the market. Example can be the low ales of Apple iPone in China. The reasons for failure were the no wi-fi due to government regulations and also gray market. The Copycat of Iphone was sold on twice lower price than the original. However, there have been successful cases as well. Wal-Mart learned how to do business Chinese way. The initial problems were that consumers wanted fresh harvested products and no ‘packaged’ products. Then Wal-Mart reacted and began to display fresh meat uncovered, installed fish tanks and began selling live turtles for soup. Conclusion: Foreign firms do face various obstacles in entering the Chinese market, however they can be overcome if the right levels of research is carried out and they come to terms with the differences in business structure and social environment.

Cinematography Essay Example

Cinematography Essay 1. Cinematography The main shot sizes of this scene in the movie are close-up shot and long shot. As this scene is about the emotional conflict between different characters, lots of close up shot size were frequently used to show the changes of characters facial expressions. This scene starts with a close up shot to show Mimis face which conveys the fact that he is extremely upset. Above all, after he walks toward his wife, he is in the dilemma of upholding his honor. At this point, the close up shot which shows his facial expression changing from angry to crying is a definite example why close up shots were used in this quarrel scene. In addition, during the time when the characters are talking, this shot size is matched with shot reverse shot. Another main shot size is the long shot to show characters action. During the quarrel, Mimis actions are vehement and drastic. Therefore, this kind of shot size is required to show all his assault and battery to his wife and her reaction. We will write a custom essay sample on Cinematography specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cinematography specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cinematography specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Whereas shallow focus is used in close up shots to exaggerate the characters face, deep focus is used in long shot to provide wide and overall view of the action and surroundings. Besides the depth of field, the camera position or characters position is also important. When Mimis wife agrees with him saying that she has dishonored him and deserves to die, Mimi is standing and suffering from the dilemma between his affair and her affair. As he is standing in front of the camera and the high angle is used, the audience can focus on Mimis action and facial expression more than his wife who is sitting down with her head hanging down. On the other hand, camera angle is also important to make the narrative clearly and dramatically. Overall, when the camera shoots Mimi, the low angle is used to make him look stronger and dominant, but the reverse is true for his wife. Not only in this scene but also in the whole movie, Italian masculinity is an overriding atmosphere. In particular, when Mimi is trying to strangle and urge her to tell him the story, the camera shoots him through an extremely high angle. These different camera angles tell us the relationship of the upper and lower positions between Mimi and his wife, Rosalia. When they are talking about the story of Rosalias affair, the camera shoots reverse shot. However, when Mimi confesses his affair with Fiore to prove that he is not a fag and impotent, the camera shoots only Mimis face and does not show the wifes reaction. This shot makes the knife strike and her anger unexpected and a surprise. As a consequence, the conflict becomes maximized at the next shot wh ich Rosalia is trying to kill Mimi. 2. Sound track The extract begins with the noise of people who try to make him stop. This noise stopped slowly when Mimi is walking toward Rosalia. After the noise stopped, there is no noise or background music. Only Rosalias weeping and Mimis snarling are able to be heard. In fact, the weeping crosses over to noise from the people. The noise is getting quieter, but the weeping is getting louder. The silence is broken by Mimis shout and the loud noise of an engineering tool being thrown. Interestingly, although the noise of the people can be heard while they are talking, this disappears after the door is closed and not able to be heard by the characters and audience as well until their conversation is finished and the action is shown. This kind of silence often appears because the following conversation is very serious and important to construct the narrative. Therefore, it is possible to say that this silence encourages the audience to concentrate on the characters conversation. Some digetic sounds are exaggerated thorough putting non- digetic sounds together. For example, when Mimi slaps Rosalias cheek, the supplementary non digetic sound is added to the slapping sound. As a consequence, the sound of slapping becomes much louder and gives the audience more emotional effect. Above all, when the knife is flying through the air and sticks into the wood, the sound can not be heard in the real world. This is actually the non digetic sound as well. However, interestingly, this is more realistic and actual sound than real sound. The change of the digetic sound to non digetic sound via adding effective sound can emphasize the reaction which is followed by hearing the sound. The most important sound in this extract is the orchestral background music which starts just after the knife strikes. Rosalias shout and holding a knife is shown with the music. This magnificent music is a bit fast and waved. That kind of tempo and atmosphere is quite enough to match with the fight of the last shot. The volume of music goes up and it is maximized when they fight violently. This is because the fight is the most berserk and the explosive climax of the conflict between Mimi and Rosalia. In other words, this climax of the extract is reinforced by the effect of the musical score and, as a consequence, the audience can be tense. This is a good example how the sound supplies the impact of the visual narrative. The extract is finished when the noise of the people outside is appeared again little by little under the background music. That is, the extract is started and finished with the same noise which is digetic sound. It shows that not only the camera work or editing but also sound including music can provide consistency to the film. 3. Ideology The periodic background of this film is in the 1970s when most Italian male workers move to the North of Italy from the South to get better income and workers rights. This pattern of industrial culture results in the tragedy in the family such as infidelity to the spouse because of the separation from the family. Not only this but also social disorganization, for example the violence of Mafia, is rose according to political conflicts between communism and capitalism or consumerism. The Trade Union was very strong at this stage in Italy and if somebody is not joined in Trade Union or a communist party, he or she can be alienated amongst workers. In addition, the extension of womens rights was increasing in this period. As most male workers moved to the north, there were many opportunities to get a job and earn money for women in the South. The worldwide tendency of womens participation in social movement also influenced Italian women to change their thinking. Women in this period tried to discuss and solve the sensitive issues like abortion, sex or divorce. Therefore, in this movie, Rosalia is changed like other women. Rosalia obtained a job, changed her external shape such as hair style and learnt to drive. She is also dissatisfied with having sex with Mimi because he is impotent. These factors lead to her having the affair with Finocchiaro. However, the interesting progress in this scene is that Rosalia confesses her affair and she says she is bad and he is right. Because of her saying, Mimi is caught in the dilemma of upholding his honor between him feeling guilty about the affair with Fiore and the fury because of Rosalias affair. Even though Rosalia is changed physically, she is still a house wife in a patriarchal society and beaten by her husband. It is possible to say that this situation represents the anomie of traditional value versus changing attitudes in modern Italy. (At the beginning of this film, the scene which she washed the legs of her husband shows us how Italy was a serious patriarchal society). Through the quarrel, Mimi can look back at his life and realize the sense of futility and the fact that working in the North was not the way. This depicts the modern society as a destructive period of essential humanity and depersonalization. He meets many people in the movie and there are many relationships with him. However, as can be seen at the end of the film, he is alone and foreign to others. The modernization encourages the disintegration and makes people individualistic. After all, Mimi is a lonely and an alienated victim of the modern society.

How to Solve Proportions Using a Recipe

How to Solve Proportions Using a Recipe A proportion is a set of 2 fractions that equal each other. This worksheet focuses on how to solve proportions. Real World Uses of Proportions Modifying a budget for a restaurant chain that is expanding from 3 locations to 20 locationsCreating a skyscraper from blueprintsCalculating tips, commissions, and sales tax Modifying a Recipe On Monday, you are cooking enough white rice to serve exactly 3 people. The recipe calls for 2 cups of water and 1 cup of dry rice. On Sunday, you are going to serve rice to 12 people. How would the recipe change? If youve ever made rice, you know that this ratio - 1 part dry rice and 2 parts water - is important. Mess it up, and youll be scooping a gummy, hot mess on top of your guests crawfish à ©touffà ©e. Because you are quadrupling your guest list (3 people * 4 12 people), you must quadruple your recipe. Cook 8 cups of water and 4 cups of dry rice. These shifts in a recipe demonstrate the heart of proportions: use a ratio to accommodate lifes greater and smaller changes. Algebra and Proportions 1 Sure, with the right numbers, you can forgo setting up an algebraic equation to determine the amounts of dry rice and water. What happens when the numbers are not so friendly? On Thanksgiving, youll be serving rice to 25 people. How much water do you need? Because the ratio of 2 parts water and 1 part dry rice applies to cooking 25 servings of rice, use a proportion to determine the quantity of ingredients. Note: Translating a word problem into an equation is super important. Yes, you can solve an incorrectly set up equation and find an answer. You can also mix rice and water together to create food to serve at Thanksgiving. Whether the answer or food is palatable depends on the equation. Think about what you know: 3 servings of cooked rice 2 cups of water; 1 cup of dry rice25 servings of cooked rice ? cups of water; ? cup of dry rice3 servings of cooked rice/25 servings of cooked rice 2 cups of water/x cups of water3/25 2/x Cross multiply. Hint: Write these fractions vertically to get the full understanding of cross multiplying. To cross multiply, take the first fractions numerator and multiply it by the second fractions denominator. Then take the second fractions numerator and multiply it by the first fractions denominator. 3 * x 2 * 253x 50 Divide both sides of the equation by 3 to solve for x. 3x/3 50/3x 16.6667 cups of water Freeze- verify that the answer is correct. Is 3/25 2/16.6667?3/25 .122/16.6667 .12 Whoo hoo! The first proportion is right. Algebra and Proportions 2 Remember that x will not always be in the numerator. Sometimes the variable is in the denominator, but the process is the same. Solve the following for x. 36/x 108/12 Cross multiply: 36 * 12 108 * x432 108x Divide both sides by 108 to solve for x. 432/108 108x/1084 x Check and make sure the answer is right. Remember, a proportion is defined as 2 equivalent fractions:Does 36/4 108/12? 36/4 9108/12 9 Its right! Practice Instructions: Solve for the unknown variable. Check your answers. a/49 4/356/x 8/329/3 12/b5/60 k/652/949 s/36522.5/x 5/100a/180 4/100

Summary of Syllables and Moras in Arabic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Summary of Syllables and Moras in Arabic - Essay Example It also comes in the Hijazidialects of Central Arabia, and the dialects of Eastern Libya, and two groups of Egyptian dialects, spoken in the Easternmost part ofthe Delta, and in Upper Egypt approximately to Asyut.. According to the table above, there are some of the cross-dialectal generalizations noticed. In phrase final CC- clusters, the VC- dialect either permit no –CC clusters (kalib,katabit) or permit them only with falling sosnority (kalb, katabit). Geminates often feature in the class of permissible initial CC- clusters (Kiparsky, 2003). Most often arising from assimilation, initial geminates occur only in VC- dialects. They can be resolved by epenthesis in the same way as other onset clusters, e.g. /l-landan/ llandan, ?illandan `to London, /l-ˇcaay/ ˇc-ˇcaay`the tea. Medial -CCC- clusters are broken up as -CiCC- in VC-dialects. \Metathesis" of medial -CCiC- to -CiCC- occurs only in VC-dialects (column D), e.g. /yi-ktib-u/ yikitbu `they write. CV-dialects always retain -CCiC- (yiktibu). High vowel deletion occurs after geminates only in the VC- dialects (column E).e.g. /y-kallim-u/ (y)ikal(l)mu `they talk to someone, /y-sakkir-u/ (y)isak(k)ru, `they shut, /y-Qallim-u/ (y)iQal(l)mu `they teach. Former theoretical literature has settled on issues of divergent ways of resolving consonant clusters by epenthesis, and the issue of cyclinity and opacity. In a variation on this approach, Broselow 1992 claimed that stray consonants link via Moras in VC-dialects. A rather different approach got initiated by Itˆo 1986, 1989, and further developed by Farwaneh 1995 (Kiparsky, 2003). They suggested that VC-dialects syllabify right-to-left. Mester and Padgett 1994 noted that this processual formulation could translate into constraint-based terms by means of alignment constraints. In the VC- dialects license, the

Financial Ratio and the Gross Profit Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Ratio and the Gross Profit - Assignment Example The ROCE is has decreased over the four years from 15.78% in 2010 to 11.63% in 2013; indicating that the company received fewer earnings for every unit of capital invested in the company in the recent years compared to the past years. However, it is above average in the industry in terms of utilization of assets to earn profits because its ROCE is more than the industry average of 8%. Generally, the company is doing well in terms of profitability. Inventory days decreased from 2011 to 2013, indicating that the number of days that inventory remains in the store has decreased; hence the company is managing its inventory successfully. Compared to the industry, the company is below average in the number of inventory days because the average industry average is 60 days. This shows that the company manages its inventory more effectively than most companies in the industry. Receivable days are also lower than the industry average indicating that the company collects its debts faster than most companies in the industry. Payable days are also lower than the industry average, showing that the company pays its credit faster than most companies in the industry. Debt/equity ratio decreased from 0.96 to 0.82 in 2013 indicating that the equity could pay total liabilities more times in 2012 than 2013 using its equity. This is a lower number of times compared to industry average, meaning that the company’s equity can pay off its liabilities faster than most companies in the industry (Sutton, 2004). The interest cover of decreased over the four years from 11.16 times in 2010 to 5.70 times in 2013; indicating that the company uses fewer debts to fund its total assets in the recent years. it is also below the industry average of 12 times; hence it uses less debt to fund its assets than most companies in  the industry.

Liberal Concepts to Promote Peace

Liberal Concepts to Promote Peace Dele-Adelodun Mobolaji Critically evaluate the claims made by Liberals regarding how we might best promote peaceful cooperation between states. INTRODUCTION Liberalism can be described roughly as the ‘freedom for the individual’ as it believes that humans are good natured beings.[1] It is often perceived as the only true â€Å"persuasive and alternative view† of International Relations.[2] The core of the liberal peace theory constitutes a definition of long-term peace and security which is based on both the values of democracy and justice. Liberals have made certain claims as to how its theories can help create peaceful cooperation among states. The concept of liberal peace was first suggested by liberal classical analyst Immanuel Kant[3] in the late 18th century. His dream was that all countries become incorporated into a web of political, commercial and organizational arrangements that are mutually reinforcing and rewarding and thus reduce, if not eliminate the probability of conflict.[4] Kant suggested that economic mutuality and trade creates favourable conditions for international cooperation among states. His s uggestion also includes the implementation of democracy functions as the basis for global peace, democracy will also check the power of leaders and states, wars are likely to become less prevalent when and if democracy flourishes throughout the world. Lastly, through the formation of international organisations for the regulation of the international interdependence, their good relationships are secure. It is not individual factors, which lead to a more peaceful world, but rather all the element working in conjunction which eliminates conflict. Where these settings are present, state liberalists believe there is peace or these conditions are ideal for building peace. Their main claims are democracy, interdependence (commerce through trade), and international organizations systematically and symbiotically enhance the absence of warfare and the creation of enduring peace. The core concepts, claims and foundations liberals came up with will be explained in this essay, how Interdependence, democracy and formation of international organisations would help attain world peace. BODY Democracy The concept of liberal peace was first suggested by liberal classical analyst Immanuel Kant and referred mainly to democratic states. This association of democracy with peace is based in Kant, who believed that lasting peace would only occur after states had a representative government with separation of powers and civil constitutions respecting private property and asserting equality before the law.[5] Leaders of democracies as well as the citizens generally benefit from avoiding conflict especially with one another because the political cost of fighting wars are higher for democratic leaders.[6] If they win a costly war, the domestic political cost may be high. Jack Levys famous assertion encapsulates the idea behind Democratic Peace Theory as well as any written, which is perhaps why it is referenced so often: The absence of war between democracies comes as close to anything we have to an empirical law in international relations.[7] Liberals suggests that democracies will rarely g o to war against one another or even threaten each other. This has almost become a statement of truth. Arguably one of the forerunners of modern liberal democracy, the United States, has an international policy based upon the principles of the democratic peace theory, President Clinton stated in his 1994 state of union address that ‘Democracies do not attack each other’ meaning that ‘ultimately the best strategy to insure our security and build a durable peace is to support the advance of democracy elsewhere’[8]. Democracies do not usually go to war with each other mainly because of institutional constrains and because of the democratic norms and cultures they have. The first institutional constraint, explains that democratic governments are reluctant to go to war because they must answer to the citizens, Michael Doyle builds on Immanuel Kant proposition.[9] The second institutional constraint include checks and balances, it looks at three specific features of a state’s domestic political structure: executive selection, political competition and the pluralism of foreign policy decision making process. States with executives answerable to section body should be more highly constrained and hence less likely to go to war.[10] The democratic norms elucidation holds that â€Å"the culture, perceptions and practices that permit compromise and the peaceful resolution of conflicts without the threat of violence within countries come to apply across national boundaries toward other democratic countries.†[11] This means that democratic states have developed a positive view of other democratic states. Many liberal theorists are of the view that it is only when there is an end of tyranny around the globe and universal liberal democracy and respect for human rights that international peace will prevail.[12] They also make claims that when democracies come into conflict with each other, they only rarely threaten to use force, because it is illegitimate to do so and believe that conflicts are to be resolved peacefully by negotiation and compromise.[13] According to Doyle â€Å"liberal democracies are uniquely willing to eschew the use of force in their relations with one another.†[14] There have been debates in International Relation about whether democracies are generally more peaceful than other types of systems. The issue of the proposition that democracies do not fight one another does not mean that democracies do not fight at all. For example the Second World War could be seen as a fight against fascism and therefore for democracy. More controversially one justification for the Vietnam War of the 1960s and the 1970s was that it was necessary in order to protect the values of the free world.[15] The argument here is that liberal democracies are much more inclined to conduct the ir relations with others on a peaceful basis. From this it follows the best way to ensure a long lasting peace in international relations through the spread of liberal democratic government on a global scale. Economic Interdependence Economic interdependence has similarly made a contribution to our understanding of peace. There have been harmony of interest between the states and people of the world, these mutual interests are rooted to mutual benefits which arise from commerce through trade. As Angell suggests, war can become obsolete if trade flourishes between countries because trade brings mutual gains to all the actors, irrespective of how powerful they are.[16] Moreover, free trade mitigates barriers and tensions between countries and propels interaction, friendship and understanding.[17] Trade is a one of the major parts of liberal tradition as well as of Kant. Other theorists like Montesquieu claim that â€Å"Commerce is the cure for the most destructive prejudices,† and â€Å"Peace is the natural effect of trade.†[18] There is evidence that trade helps to reduce interstate conflicts, The World Trade Organisation (WTO) list ten benefits of the trading system it manages, the first being that it helps to keep the peace between states because ‘sales people are usually reluctant to fight their customers’.[19] Trade depends on the expectation of peace from with the trading partner. Liberals have always argued that interdependence lowers the likelihood of war by increasing the value of trading over the alternative of aggression meaning that independent states would rather trade than evade.[20] The use of force reduces the gains from trade and imperils the flow of information necessary for the development of mutual understanding.[21]The pacific benefits of economically important bilateral trade seem well illustrated by the experience of the United States with China over the past twenty years. After the Communist government began to open its economy in the late 1970s, its political relations w ith the United States became far more peaceful than they had been during the Cold War.[22] This thaw in relations began with a deliberate political decision to improve them, but as trade increased, both sides gained a greater stake in keeping the peaceful. This still happened considering the fact that China did not become significantly more democratic. Although there was a period in history, the period up to World War I where there was an inconsistency for the liberal theory, the Europeans reached an unprecedented level of trade, yet it did not stop them from proceeding into war. Realist argue to contradict the liberal theory claiming that the war was preceded by high interdependence level but trade levels had been high for the previous thirty years, but even if the interdependence was a necessary condition for the war, it was not sufficient.[23] Liberals also argue that economic interdependence between states reduces conflict as conflict discourages commerce. Economic interchanges favour world cooperation. Countries that are interested in benefiting from international trade and commerce necessarily need to create friendly relations with other states. On the one hand, economic interactions between two different states inevitably necessitate that those countries augment the number of their contacts for different reasons. Throughout history states have sought power by mean of military force and territorial expansion. But for high industrialized countries, economic development and foreign trade are more adequate and less costly means of achieving prominence and prosperity. That is the costs of using force have increased and the benefits have declined. For example, economically successful countries of the post-war period are the trading states such as Germany and Japan have refrained from traditional military political option of high military expenditure and economic self-sufficiency instead they have chosen the trading option of an intensified division of labour and increased interdependence.[24] Trade raises the cost of conflict and also the benefits of conflict avoidance and conflict management. The costly nature of conflict is also central to contemporary applications of the bargaining theory commercial relations increase the likelihood of peace because trade and investment make costly signals possible. This argument particularly corresponds to the idea that the risk of conflicts between states is reduced by creating a common interest in trade and cooperation for the state’s mutual benefits. An intergovernmental organisation can be defined as a formal, continuous institution established by treaty or other agreement between governments with a long –range purpose. In the contemporary world, international law is often expressed in international organizations. International Organisations are included in the Kantian peace theory. Kant believed that international law would operate most powerfully among democracies (republics), which would form a loose â€Å"federation† of sovereign states (an international organisation) to facilitate their peaceful relations and provide a framework for collective security against threats from states that were not republics.[25] The evolution of the European Common Market into the European Union required European states to restore stable democratic government to ease the flow of goods, services, capital and labour throughout Western Europe and this experience recorded great success. There has been growth in the number of internati onal organizations since the end of World War II. In 1909 there were 37 increased to 293 in 1990, there would not have been an increase if these organisations had little or no contribution to peace creation which is usually set out in their goals. International Governmental Organisations (IGOs), these organisations are usually multipurpose and they get involved in a wide range of activities which include promoting international commerce and investment, environmental concerns, health or human rights which all come back to the promotion of peace among its member states.[26] International organisations may play a role in adjudication and arbitration of disputes by mediating among conflicting parties. These activities are important because they reduce the cost of enforcing contracts, encourage their creation, and promote exchange.[27] Like in the case where the secretary general of NATO helped mediate the dispute between Greece and turkey over Cyprus in 1967 and was able to forfend the widening of the war.[28] Norms and rules developed within IGOs may facilitate arms control and delegitimize the use of force. The Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean, for example helped to free the region of nuclear weapons. Shared norms create common interest helps to promote cooperation. IGOs may develop interests and preferences that are more stable than and to a degree independent of those of their member state.[29] International Governmental Organisations foster ways in which countries may peacefully resolve their conflicts while expanding the ways in which they view commonalities among their interests with wide-ranging set of potential belligerents as well as potential allies. However, it is also important to note other extremely significant institutions that assist in the making the world more peaceful by providing economic stability, cooperation and growth in the world such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and others. The most notable international organisation for the analysis is the United Nations (UN). The United Nations recorded great success in the intervention in Mozambique where there was a struggle to transit into democracy. There was a civil war which broke out in 1997 the Mozambique Resistance Movement was formed to oppose Government (Front of Liberation of Mozambique) which was in power at that time.[30] The conflict ended after the intervention of the United N ations in 1992 and a general peace was reached. During the ‘experience of Mozambique’, the United Nations managed to achieve one of its ‘rare peacekeeping successes. If not for the intervention of the UN the outcome of the civil war would have been disastrous. Liberal institutional theory argues that IGOs foster nonviolent conflict resolution and constrain the advent of disputes. This explains that IGOs resolve disputes preferably by the peaceful methods rather than the use of force. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the claims made by liberals to achieving peaceful cooperation among states are possible through the casual effects of democracy, interdependence and membership of international organisation. This three elements work best when they are applied together. The essay explains that if the Kantian elements are set at high levels, the incidence of fatal disputes will drop. Liberal analyses indicate that each of the three elements of Kantian peace does make a significant, independent contribution to peaceful interstate relations. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alec Stone Sweet and Thomas Brunell. Constructing a Supranational Constitution: Dispute Resolution and Governance in the European Community American Political Science Review 92 (1998): 63-81. Bruce Russett ‘Liberalism’ in International Relations Theories 3rd ed.Angell, Norman: ‘The Great Illusion’, London: Heinemann, 1910. Burchill, Scott et. al: Theories of International Relations. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009 Bruce Russett and John Oneal. 2001. Triangulating Peace: democracy, interdependence and international Organizations. Christopher Layne, ‘Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace’, International Security, Vol. 19, No.2 (Fall, 1994), pp. 5-49 Dale C. Copeland, â€Å"Economic Interdependence and War: A theory of Trade Expectations,† International Security, Vol. 20, no.4 (Spring 1996) Jill Steans Lloyd Pettiford, International Relations: Perspectives and themes John M. Owen, ‘How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace’, International Security, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Fall, 1994), pp. 87-125 Kant, I.,Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch, 1975, at http://www.constitution.org/kant/perpeace.htm. Karle, Warren: Realism and Liberalism continue to shape the ways in which policy makers conceptualize international relations, Australian Public Service Center, Shedden Working Papers Series, 2003. Levy, Jack. Domestic Politics and War. In The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars. Robert Rotberg and Theodore Rabb, eds. Cambridge University Press, 1989. Michael N. Barnett and Martha Finnemore, The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of International Organizations (1999). Michael W. Doyle, ‘Kant, Liberal legacies, and Foreign Affairs’, Philosophy and Public affairs, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Summer, 1983), pp.205-235 Ray, James Lee (1998),, â€Å"Does Democracy Cause Peace?†Annual Review of Political Science, 1. pp. 27-46 Russett Bruce Martin (1993), Grasping the Democratic Peace The Cyprus conflict at http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/narrative-main-%203.html Weinstein, Jeremy M., January 2002. Mozambique: A Fading U.N. Success Story. Journal of Democracy, 13 (1), 141-156 World Trade Organisation, http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b01_e.htm 1 [1] Michael W. Doyle, ‘Kant, Liberal legacies, and Foreign Affairs’, Philosophy and Public affairs, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Summer, 1983), pp.205-235 [2] Karle, Warren: Realism and Liberalism continue to shape the ways in which policy makers conceptualize international relations, Australian Public Service Center, Shedden Working Papers Series, 2003. [3] Kant, I.,Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch, 1975, at http://www.constitution.org/kant/perpeace.htm. [4] Bruce Russett and John Oneal. 2001. Triangulating Peace: democracy, interdependence and international organizations. [5] Ray, James Lee, â€Å"Does Democracy Cause Peace?† Annual Review of Political Science, 1. (1998), pp. 27-46 [6] Bruce Russett and John Oneal. (2001) n 4 above [7] Levy, Jack. Domestic Politics and War. In The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars. Robert Rotberg and Theodore Rabb, eds. Cambridge University Press, 1989. [8] John M. Owen, ‘How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace’, International Security, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Fall, 1994), pp. 87-125 [9] Christopher Layne, ‘Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace’, International Security, Vol. 19, No.2 (Fall, 1994), pp. 5-49 [10] Ibid page 9 [11] Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace, p. 31 [12] Jill Steans Lloyd Pettiford, International Relations: Perspectives and themes [13] Bruce Russett ‘Liberalism’ in International Relations Theories 3rd ed. [14] ibid [15] Jill steans Lloyd Pettiford n 12 above [16] Angell, Norman: ‘The Great Illusion’, London: Heinemann, 1910. [17] Burchill, Scott et. al: Theories of International Relations. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009 [18]Michael W. Doyle, n1 above Pages 205-235 [19] World Trade Organisation, http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b01_e.htm [20] Dale C. Copeland, â€Å"Economic Interdependence and War: A theory of Trade Expectations,† International Security, Vol. 20, no.4 (Spring 1996) [21] Bruce Russett and John Oneal. (2001) n 4 above [22] Ibid. [23] Dale C. Copeland n 20 above [24] Robert H. Jackson, Georg Sà ¸rensen, ‘Introduction to International Relations’ Oxford University Press, 2007 Political Science [25] Russett, Bruce John R. Oneal., (2001) n 4 above [26] ibid [27] Alec Stone Sweet and Thomas Brunell. Constructing a Supranational Constitution: Dispute Resolution and Governance in the European Community American Political Science Review 92 (1998): 63-81. [28] The Cyprus conflict at http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/narrative-main-%203.html [29] Michael N. Barnett and Martha Finnemore, The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of International Organizations (1999). [30] Weinstein, Jeremy M., January 2002. Mozambique: A Fading U.N. Success Story. Journal of Democracy, 13 (1), 141-156